কলা
সৌন্দর্য এবং সুস্থতা
ক্রাফট
সংস্কৃতি ও ইতিহাস
বিনোদন
পরিবেশ
খাদ্য ও পানীয়
রিভার্স ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিং
বিজ্ঞান
খেলাধুলা
টেকনোলজি
পরিধানযোগ্য
Contouring: Drawing the Shape of the Ground
A traverse gives you the outline of a site. Levelling gives you the height of the points you happened to stand on. Neither tells you the SHAPE of the ground between them — which is what you need to know where water will go, where a building will need cut and fill, and whether a path can be walked.
A contour is a line joining points of equal height. Nobody surveys contours directly; you level a grid of spot heights and then work out where each contour must cross between them, by proportion. The map that results is the single most information-dense drawing in surveying: slope, drainage, volume and visibility are all readable from it.
It is also the rung that makes the water blueprints buildable. A constructed wetland or a drainage run needs to know which way the ground falls, and by how much.
মধ্যবর্তী
2 days
নির্দেশ
1
1
Lay out a grid over the area
Lay out a grid over the area
Set out a square grid of pegs — 5, 10 or 20 metres depending on how broken the ground is — using the right-angle method and a tape. Letter one axis and number the other, so every peg has a name like C4.
Choose the spacing from the SMALLEST feature you care about, not from how much walking you are willing to do. A 20-metre grid cannot see a 5-metre gully, and no amount of careful levelling at the pegs will put it back. The grid is a sampling decision, and it is made before any measurement.
এই ধাপের উপকরণ:
কাঠের গোঁজ40 টুকরা
সুতোর দাগ-রেখা100 metre
জরিপের পতাকা ও খুঁটির কিট1 কিটআবশ্যক উপকরণ:
ফিতা-মাপ
নখওয়ালা হাতুড়ি2
2
Level every grid point from as few setups as possible
Level every grid point from as few setups as possible
Set the instrument where it can see the most pegs, take a backsight to your benchmark, then read the staff at every visible peg as an intermediate sight.
Intermediate sights are cheap — one instrument setup can produce twenty heights — but they carry no check at all, because nothing closes on them. So move between setups on a proper backsight-and-foresight change point, and close the whole run back to the benchmark at the end. Speed on the intermediates, rigour on the change points.
আবশ্যক উপকরণ:
অপটিক্যাল লেভেল (জরিপ)
সমতলকরণ দণ্ড
ক্যামেরা ট্রাইপড3
3
Write the heights on the plan, at the pegs
Write the heights on the plan, at the pegs
Plot the grid to scale and write each reduced level beside its peg, to the nearest 10 millimetres.
Write them small and consistently placed — always above-right of the point, for example — because you are about to draw lines through this drawing and it must stay readable. Do not round to the nearest 100 millimetres to tidy it up: the interpolation in the next step needs the real figures, and a rounded grid produces contours with false steps in them.
এই ধাপের উপকরণ:
গ্রাফ কাগজ10 টুকরাআবশ্যক উপকরণ:
রুলার4
4
Interpolate the contour crossings
Interpolate the contour crossings
Between every adjacent pair of pegs, work out where each whole contour value falls, assuming the ground runs straight between them. Mark each crossing with a tick.
The assumption of a straight slope between pegs is exactly that — an assumption, and the only one available. It is why the grid spacing chosen in step 1 governs everything: between two pegs your map is not a measurement, it is a straight line you decided to believe in.
আবশ্যক উপকরণ:
রুলার5
5
Join the ticks, and obey the rules contours cannot break
Join the ticks, and obey the rules contours cannot break
Draw smooth lines through ticks of the same value. Then check them against the rules: contours never cross, never split, never simply stop inside the map, and close on themselves or run off the edge.
They also point UPSTREAM in a valley, forming a V that aims uphill — which is the quickest way to read drainage off a map and the quickest way to spot that you have drawn one backwards. Every one of those rules follows from a contour being a level line on a continuous surface, and a drawing that breaks one has a mistake in it, not an unusual landscape.
6
6
Interpolation, interval and what the map can tell you
Interpolation, interval and what the map can tell you
Jupyter নোটবুক লোড হচ্ছে…
আবশ্যক উপকরণ:
রুলারসামগ্রী
4- 40 টুকরাপ্লেসহোল্ডর
- 100 metreপ্লেসহোল্ডর
- প্লেসহোল্ডর
- 10 টুকরাপ্লেসহোল্ডর
সম্পর্কিত ব্লুপ্রিন্ট
এই ব্লুপ্রিন্টগুলি জ্ঞান ভাগ করে — কৌশল, উপকরণ বা নীতি
CC0 পব্লিক ডোমেন
এই ব্লুপ্রিন্ট CC0-এর অধীনে প্রকাশিত। আপনি অনুমতি ছাড়াই যেকোনো উদ্দেশ্যে এটি অনুলিপি, পরিবর্তন, বিতরণ ও ব্যবহার করতে পারেন।
মেকারের ব্লুপ্রিন্টের মাধ্যমে পণ্য কিনে তাঁকে সমর্থন করুন, যেখানে তিনি আয় করেন মেকর কমীশন বিক্রেতাদের নির্ধারিত, অথবা এই ব্লুপ্রিন্টের একটি নতুন সংস্করণ তৈরি করে নিজের ব্লুপ্রিন্টে সংযোগ হিসেবে যুক্ত করে আয় ভাগ করুন।