除虫菊收获指南 — 卢旺达除虫菊药物收获指南

除虫菊（Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium）是一种在卢旺达高地山区生长良好的植物，海拔高度为2,000-3,000米。该植物具有细长的叶子，呈绿色，高度可达30-75厘米。花朵类似于雏菊——花瓣为白色，中心呈黄色。花中含有称为除虫菊素的物质——一种天然的杀虫剂，对人和温血动物没有影响。卢旺达每年生产约6,000吨除虫菊，与肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚并列为全球该植物种植的领先国家。

采摘时间非常重要，因为除虫菊酯在花朵充分成熟时效力最强。成熟的迹象包括：花瓣呈深黄色，花心中间部分清晰可见，花朵尚未开始枯萎而能继续生长。花朵应在充分成熟后1-2天内采摘。如果错过了时间，除虫菊酯会分解——已采摘的花朵会开始枯萎，含有的除虫菊酯也会大大减少。在卢旺达，采摘通常每2-3周进行一次，在生长季节进行（从10月至3月）。

Tegura ibikoresho byose mbere yo kujya mu murima. Agakapu k'umusaruro kagomba kuba gasukuye kandi katagira amazi — amazi atuma pyrethrins zonona vuba. Imifuka y'igitambara igomba kuba isukuye kandi yumye. Ikoti rya plastiki rishobora gufasha mu gihe cy'imvura. Kuko indabo zisarurwa ku musozi wibuye, ukeneye inkweto zifashe neza ku butaka bunyerera. Witwikire neza kuko ku misozi y'u Rwanda ku burebure bwa metero 2,500 izuba rishobora gutwika uruhu vuba nubwo bukonje.

Gusarura pyrethrum bikorwa n'intoki gusa — nta cuma gikoreshwa. Fata igiti cy'indabo hagati y'urutoki rw'ikiganza n'urw'ibigino, maze unyure ukanyura aho indabo ihuriye n'igiti — indabo igomba gusohoka neza utayimanaguye. Fata indabo yonyine, uve ku giti. Ntukureho amababi cyangwa amatabi — igihingwa kigomba gukomeza gukura kugira ngo gitange indabo nshya mu byumweru 2-3. Fata indabo zikinguye gusa — reka izitarakinguka zikure. Shyira indabo mu gakapu uhita ubikora buhoro kugira ngo amababi y'indabo adasenyuka.

Pyrethrins zonona vuba cyane iyo zihuje n'izuba, ubushyuhe n'ubuhehere. Ibyo bisobanura ko indabo zigomba kuvamo mu murima zikajya mu mwanya w'igicucu mu masaha 2-3 nyuma yo gutoragurwa. Ntuzishyire mu izuba igihe utwara — zitwikire n'igitambara. Ntuziteranyirize mu murongo munini cyane kuko ubushyuhe bwo hagati bushobora kwangiza pyrethrins. Shyira indabo mu gakapu mu buryo buhendutse — ntuzigandekanye. Niba umurima uri kure y'aho waniza, twara ibyegeranyo bito-bito aho guteraniriza byinshi.

Indabo za pyrethrum zanizwa mu gicucu — ntizigomba kugwa mu zuba ryuzuye kuko ryangiza pyrethrins. Tegura urubuga rwo kwaniza mu nzu ifite igicucu ariko ikagira umuyaga uhagije — inzu y'ibati ifunguye ku mpande zose ni nziza. Shyira inkweto z'ibiti ku burebure bwa santimetero 60-80 hejuru y'ubutaka kugira ngo umuyaga ushobore guca munsi no hejuru y'indabo. Ku nkweto, shyiraho udukangara two gufasha umuyaga guca. Urubuga rugomba kuba rusukuye, rutagira umukungugu, kandi rutari hafi y'aho bateramo ibintu byanduza.

Sambura indabo ku dukangara two kwaniza mu buryo bumwe — indabo zigomba kuba ku rwego rumwe, ntiziteranirize. Ubwinshi bw'indabo buri ku dukangara bugomba kuba buto kugira ngo umuyaga uhagije unyure buri ndabo. Hindura indabo inshuro 2-3 ku munsi kugira ngo zume ku mpande zose kimwe. Kwaniza mu gicucu bifata iminsi 4-7 bitewe n'ikirere. Indabo zumye neza zirahinduka zigashyira mu ibara ry'ikijuju-umuhondo kandi zikumva nk'igipapuro. Igihe cy'imvura mu Rwanda, kwaniza bishobora gufata iminsi irenga 7 — menya ko igihe kirekire cyo kwaniza gishobora gutuma pyrethrins zigabanuka.

Indabo zigomba kugera ku rugero rw'ubuhehere ruri munsi ya 10-12% mbere yo gupakira. Ibimenyetso by'uko zumye neza: indabo imeze nk'igipapuro iyo uyifashe, isenyuka iyo uyitonya mu ntoki, n'igiti cy'indabo gicika gikonje. Iyo ufashe indabo ukayikanda mu kiganza, igomba gusenyuka mu duce dutoya — niba ipfunyika nk'igisabo itarasenyuka, iracyari inyerera kandi ntirarangira kwuma. Igipimo cy'ibiro n'indabo zigomba kuba igice cya gatatu (1/3) cy'ibiro by'indabo nshya — indabo 3 kg nshya zigomba gutanga hafi 1 kg y'indabo zumye. Kugenzura ubwumye ni ingenzi kuko indabo zidakumye neza zishobora kwandura udusimba iyo zipakiwe.

Nyuma yo kwuma neza, indabo zihekenywa kugira ngo igice cy'umuhondo (igice kirimo pyrethrins nyinshi) gitandukane n'amababi yera n'igiti. Shyira indabo mu giseke kiziritse maze uzikandagire buhoro n'intoki — amababi yera azasenyuka, n'igice cy'umuhondo kizagwa mu buce butoya. Ushobora kandi gukoresha inkoni ntoya ukandagira buhoro ku ndabo ziri ku gitambara gisukuye. Ntukandagire bikomeye cyane kuko ibyo bishobora gutuma urusenda rwinjiramo mu duce — aho bimaze guhekenywa, koresha icyungo kugira ngo utandukanye ibice binini n'ubudodo.

Nyuma yo guhekenya, tandukanya ibice bitandukanye by'indabo. Igice cy'umuhondo (igice cyo hagati cy'indabo) kirimo pyrethrins nyinshi — hafi 1.0-3.0% by'ibiro byacyo. Amababi yera y'indabo na yo arimo pyrethrins ariko ku rugero ruto — hafi 0.5-1.0%. Igiti cy'indabo kirimo pyrethrins nke cyane. Ibice bitandukanye bipakira ukwabyo kuko agaciro kabyo katandukanye. Igice cy'umuhondo ni cyo gihenze cyane ku isoko. Ibice byose bigomba kubikwa mu mwanya ushyushye kandi utumye kugira ngo pyrethrins zidahungabana.

Pakira indabo zumye mu mifuka y'impuzu igizwe n'imyenda ya jute — ntukoreshe imifuka ya plastiki kuko ishyiramo ubuhehere butuma pyrethrins zonona. Buri mufuka igomba kugira ibiro 20-25 kg — ntiwuzuze cyane kuko gukandagirwa bishobora kwangiza ubwiza bw'indabo. Funga imifuka neza ukoresheje umugozi. Andika kuri buri mufuka: itariki yo gusarura, ibiro, n'ahantu hahinzwe. Ibyo bifasha kugira ngo usoko umenye ubwiza n'inkomoko y'ibicuruzwa. SOPYRWA (Société de Pyrethre au Rwanda) ni yo sosiyete ikuru igura pyrethrum mu Rwanda.

Bika imifuka y'indabo mu bubiko busukuye, bumye kandi butagira izuba. Ubushyuhe bugomba kuba munsi ya dogere 25 Selisiyusi kandi ubuhehere munsi ya 60%. Shyira imifuka ku mbaho z'ibiti (palette) ku burebure bwa santimetero 15-20 hejuru y'ubutaka kugira ngo ubuhehere bw'ubutaka budashyikira imifuka. Rekera umwanya hagati y'imifuka n'urukuta — byibura santimetero 30 — kugira ngo umuyaga uhagije ushobore guca. Ntushyire imifuka hafi y'ibintu byanduza, ibintu binuka cyangwa imiti. Genzura imifuka buri byumweru 2 urebe ko nta dusimba cyangwa ubuhehere.

Nyuma yo gusarura, umurima ugomba gutegurwa ku isarura rikurikira riba mu byumweru 2-3. Kuraho uduhingwa twanze cyangwa udukoko twagaragaye. Niba ubutaka bwumye, uhire amazi buhoro mu gice cyo mu gitondo cyangwa nimugoroba — ntiwuhire mu zuba ryo ku manywa kuko rishobora gutwika amababi. Shyira ifumbire y'uburumbuke (haba compost cyangwa ifumbire y'amatungo) ku giti cy'igihingwa — hafi geramu 100-200 ku giti. Igihingwa cya pyrethrum gishobora gutanga indabo mu gihe cy'imyaka 3-5 kitarahinduwe, ariko isarura ryiza riva mu mwaka wa 2 na wa 3. Nyuma y'imyaka 4-5, igihingwa kigomba gusubirwamo.

Agaciro ka pyrethrum gashingiye ku rugero rwa pyrethrins ruri mu ndabo — nk'uko bigaragara, igice cy'umuhondo kirimo 1.0-3.0% bya pyrethrins ni cyo gihenze cyane. Abasarura bagomba kumenya ko indabo zasaruwe ku gihe (zikinguye burundu) zitanga pyrethrins nyinshi kuruta izasaruwe mbere y'igihe cyangwa nyuma yacyo. Indabo zanizwe neza (ubuhehere munsi ya 12%) zibikwa neza kuruta izidakumye. U Rwanda rugurisha pyrethrum yacyo nyinshi binyuze muri SOPYRWA, igurisha ku masosiyete mpuzamahanga akora umuti w'udukoko. Ibiciro bigenda bihinduka ariko ku mwaka umwe pyrethrum ishobora kugera kuri dolar 6-10 ku kilo y'umweru (extract). Isarura ryiza, kwaniza gutunganye, no kubika neza ni byo bituma umuhinzi abona igiciro cyiza.