Water-Cooled Condenser: Liebig's Glass Tube Corked in a Metal Pipe (Fownes, 1847)

Liebig's condenser as Fownes described it in 1847: a glass tube, tapering from end to end, held by bored corks in the centre of a metal pipe, with tubes that let a current of cold water run through the pipe around it. Vapour from a retort passes down the glass tube, condenses and runs into the receiver. With a few pieces of ice in the little cistern the water stays at 32 °F (0 °C), and even very volatile liquids condense. Unknown: the metal of the pipe, the material of the water tubes and all sizes. Fownes does not give them. Source: G. Fownes, Elementary Chemistry (1847), p. 46 and Fig. 33. Picture: Fig. 33.

中级

Unknown

说明

Cork the glass tube into the pipe

Bore a cork for each end of the metal pipe. Pass the glass tube, which tapers from end to end, through both corks so that it is held in the centre of the pipe. Ours: the cork borer.

此步骤所需材料：

玻璃管1 tapering from end to end

未知金属1 the pipe

软木塞2 perforated

未知尺寸1 个

所需工具：

软木塞打孔器

Fit the water tubes

Provide the pipe with tubes so arranged that a current of cold water can circulate through it. As drawn in Fig. 33, the water comes from a little cistern with a cock, standing above the apparatus, down to the lower end of the pipe, and leaves at the upper end into a jar.

此步骤所需材料：

未知材料1 water tubes and cistern

所需工具：

软木塞打孔器

Run the cold water

While distilling, let cold water flow from the cistern through the pipe. For very volatile liquids put a few pieces of ice into the cistern: the water then stays at 32 °F (0 °C).

所需工具：