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Planetary Stand Mixer
The rotary egg beater already published spins two blades on fixed axes - so the cook must keep moving it, and a stiff dough stalls it. Herbert Johnston, an engineer at Hobart, watched a baker turning dough with a spoon and built the next rung: the beater turns on its own axis while a carrier walks it round the bowl, so the blade sweeps everywhere without the bowl or the beater being moved by hand.
**US 1,264,128**, "Mixing-machine", Johnston and Rataiczak, assigned to Hobart Manufacturing, filed 1. March 1915, granted 23. April 1918. Hobart's big bakery machines came first; the domestic KitchenAid followed in 1919.
**You build the motion, not the appliance**: a planetary gear set with a pen for a blade, drawing its own path on paper, and a coverage measurement against a fixed-axis beater.
中级
3 hours
说明
1
1
Read the gear set
Read the gear set
Count the teeth on the ring and on one planet. Measure the ring's inside diameter and a planet's outside diameter with the caliper; the pitch radii are close to half of each.
此步骤所需材料：
行星齿轮组（钢）1 套所需工具：
6 英寸数显卡尺2
2
Mount it over paper
Mount it over paper
Screw the ring gear flat to a plywood board. Tape graph paper under it, centred. Fit one planet so it rolls inside the ring.
此步骤所需材料：
胶合板1 个
坐标纸1 张
美纹纸胶带1 卷所需工具：
手锯
充电式电钻3
3
Give the planet a blade
Give the planet a blade
Glue a short dowel upright in a hole in the planet, four-fifths of the way out from its centre, and tape a marker to it so the tip just touches the paper.
此步骤所需材料：
木榫条1 个
油性记号笔1 个所需工具：
热熔胶枪4
4
Walk it round
Walk it round
Push the planet slowly round the inside of the ring, letting it roll rather than slide, until the drawn pattern closes on itself. Then draw, for comparison, the circle the same blade makes when the planet is held in one place and simply spun.
所需工具：
直尺5
5
The same in dough
The same in dough
Optional but convincing: put 200 g of flour and 120 ml of water in a bowl and stir with a fixed-axis beater without moving it. Note the untouched ring of dry flour at the wall - the reason for the carrier.
此步骤所需材料：
中筋面粉200 克所需工具：
大玻璃搅拌盆
数字厨房秤6
6
Path, coverage and gear ratio
Path, coverage and gear ratio
正在加载 Jupyter 笔记本…
7
7
History & Context
History & Context
**What the patent specifies:** a mixing machine in which the beater rotates about its own axis while being carried bodily around the bowl. **Modern build (derived):** a planetary gear set and a pen, which draws the path the blade takes.
The 20-gallon Hobart was standard in large bakeries by 1915; the domestic version arrived in 1919 and the layout has not changed since. Its limits: the gearbox must take dough loads, the bowl must match the beater's reach, and a blade that reaches the wall will also scrape a bowl that is out of true.
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