Ferrovanadium: Gin's Ferro-Silicon Reduction of Vanadium Trioxide (Stansfield, 1914)

Ferro-vanadium for steelmaking by Gustave Gin's easier route: powdered 60 per cent ferro-silicon is mixed with vanadium trioxide, bound with a little coal-tar pitch into briquettes, and smelted in an electric furnace on a magnesite hearth; the silicon takes the oxygen and the vanadium alloys with the iron. A magnesite hearth keeps the alloy from picking up carbon from a carbon lining. Source: A. Stansfield, The Electric Furnace, 2nd ed. (1914), p. 267. Picture: the book's text.