False-Bottom Jet Churn: Paddles Under a Pierced Partition Draw Cream Down at the Centre and Jet It Up at the Rim

"U and V represent caps which partially cover the apertures L and N. They are placed in such a position as to cause the fluid to flow in streams against each other, by boring the holes L and N at the same angles at which the caps U and V are set. The caps may be dispensed with and the same result obtained."

Screw a ring of HDPE strip 10 mm thick and 12 high inside the bucket with its top 60 mm above the floor, as the rim Y, sealing the screw holes outside with silicone. Cut a disc of 10 mm HDPE sheet to rest on it, bored 17 mm in the centre. Bore four 30 mm holes, H, I, J, K, 45 mm from the centre, a quarter turn apart, and four 25 mm holes, L, M, N, O, 112 mm from the centre between them, each bored at 45 degrees slanting toward the centre as it rises. Screw a printed cap over each rim hole, its open side toward the centre.

Screw a hardwood block 50 x 50 x 6 mm to the floor's centre and bore it 17 mm, 5 deep, as the step. Cut a 16 mm stainless spindle 435 mm long and turn or file its top 75 mm down to 12 mm. Fix a hardwood paddle bar 250 x 45 x 20 mm across it, 8 mm above the floor when the spindle stands in its step (the paddles C and G), pass it up through the partition, and fit a printed or hardwood collar 32 mm across and 20 high on it just above the partition as the shoulder J'. Fix a second paddle Z, 200 x 30 x 20 mm, across it 185 mm above the floor.

Cut a hardwood top 350 x 205 x 25 mm to sit on the bucket's rim and bore it 13 mm over the centre for the spindle; fit the pinion on the spindle above it. Screw two hardwood chairs on the top carrying a 12 mm stainless crank shaft with the crown wheel meshing the pinion, and fit a hardwood crank X with a dowel handle on its end.

Pour about 8 litres of heavy cream at about 15 °C, checked with the thermometer, into the bucket over the partition, set the top and gearing on the rim, and turn the crank steadily, timing it. When the butter comes, lift off the top, lift out the spindle and partition, take out the butter, pour the buttermilk into a bowl, wash the butter in cold water until it runs clear, salt and weigh it.

**James Sangster** of Buffalo, New York, US 27,570, 20 March 1860, "Churn". He claimed the paddles Z, C and G with the partition E pierced near its centre and near its rim under caps, "for the purpose of passing the cream around and around through the openings from circumference to center and vice versa". He made it of "wood, tin or any other suitable material"; ours is a food-grade bucket with an HDPE partition and printed caps and gears. Every size here is ours.