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Barium Ferrite Disc Magnet: Barium Carbonate and Iron Oxide Sintered (Went, Philips 1956)
The dark grey ceramic magnet on fridges and in loudspeakers is barium ferrite. It is made from two cheap powders: one part barium carbonate to six of iron oxide, milled, fired, milled again, pressed and sintered. No cobalt or nickel is needed. This is Example 34 of the Philips patent. Fired 4 hours at 1100 °C, its rod held 1,375 gauss with a coercive force of 3,350 oersted.
Source: J. J. Went, G. W. van Oosterhout and E. W. Gorter (Philips), US 2,762,777 (1956). They pressed rods; the claim covers "a body of a desired shape", and the disc size is ours. The patent does not say how to magnetise it; our way is stated. Picture: ferrite magnets, Omegatron, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0.
Lanjutan
2 days
Instruksi
1
1
Weigh one part barium carbonate to six of iron oxide
Weigh one part barium carbonate to six of iron oxide
Weigh 39.5 g of barium carbonate (0.2 mol) and 191.7 g of ferric oxide, Fe2O3 (1.2 mol). Barium carbonate is poisonous if swallowed: ours, gloves and a dust respirator.
Material untuk langkah ini:
Barium karbonat (witherit)39.5 g
Besi(III) Oksida191.7 gAlat yang dibutuhkan:
Neraca lengan
Sarung tangan karet
Respirator P1002
2
Mill with ethanol for 4 hours
Mill with ethanol for 4 hours
Grind the mixture with ethanol in an iron ball mill for 4 hours. Let the ethanol evaporate, then dry the powder in a drying oven.
Alat yang dibutuhkan:
Ball Mill Besi
Etanol mutu laboratorium, 95 %
Oven pengeringan3
3
Presinter at 1000 °C for 4 hours
Presinter at 1000 °C for 4 hours
Fire the dry powder in air at 1000 °C for 4 hours (ours: in a lidded porcelain crucible in a muffle furnace). Let it cool.
Alat yang dibutuhkan:
Tungku Muffle
Krus dengan tutup (porselen)
Penjepit Kowi
Sarung Tangan Tahan Panas4
4
Mill again for 4 hours
Mill again for 4 hours
Grind the presintered product with ethanol in the ball mill for another 4 hours. Let the ethanol evaporate.
Alat yang dibutuhkan:
Ball Mill BesiEtanol mutu laboratorium, 95 %Oven pengeringanRespirator P1005
5
Press discs at 1.5 tons per cm²
Press discs at 1.5 tons per cm²
Press the powder at 1.5 tons/cm². The patent pressed rods; we press discs. Ours: a die 20 mm across, so about 4.7 tonnes on the punch (our arithmetic: 1.5 × 3.14 cm²).
Alat yang dibutuhkan:
Mesin pres hidrolik
Cetakan press cakram6
6
Sinter for 4 hours
Sinter for 4 hours
Sinter the discs for 4 hours in oxygen or in air. The patent's results: at 1100 °C, 1,375 gauss and 3,350 oersted; at 1200 °C, 1,400 and 3,100; at 1300 °C, 1,850 and 1,780. Hotter gives a stronger but less stubborn magnet.
Alat yang dibutuhkan:
Tungku MufflePenjepit KowiSarung Tangan Tahan Panas7
7
Magnetise the discs
Magnetise the discs
The patent gives no magnetising method. Ours: lay a disc with its faces against the poles of a strong electromagnet, switch the current on, then off. Find which face is north with a compass.
Alat yang dibutuhkan:
Elektromagnet
KompasBahan
2- Placeholder
- 191.7 gPlaceholder
Alat yang Diperlukan
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