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Chloride of Calcium from Marble and Spirit of Salt
Calcium chloride is the salt left when marble or limestone dissolves in hydrochloric acid. George Fownes's chemistry manual (1856) gives exactly that as the usual way to make it. The crystals that separate from a strong solution draw water from the air so greedily that, dried hard or fused, the salt is used to dry gases; in solution it is used in refining borax.
Menengah
A day, plus drying
Instruksi
1
1
Weigh marble and acid
Weigh marble and acid
Weigh the marble and the hydrochloric acid. The notebook (step 6) works out the amounts: 1 kg of marble takes about 2.3 kg of acid at specific gravity 1.162.
Material untuk langkah ini:
Debu marmer1 kg
Asam klorida2.3 kgAlat yang dibutuhkan:
Neraca lengan2
2
Dissolve the marble in the acid
Dissolve the marble in the acid
Put the acid in a large glass jar and add the marble a little at a time, stirring. It fizzes as carbon dioxide escapes, so leave plenty of room in the jar. When a fresh pinch no longer fizzes, the acid is used up; let any undissolved marble settle and pour the clear solution off.
Alat yang dibutuhkan:
Stoples Kaca
Batang Pengaduk Kaca
Kacamata Pelindung Cipratan Kimia
Sarung tangan karet3
3
Boil it down to a strong solution
Boil it down to a strong solution
Evaporate the solution in a pan until it is strong. On cooling, the salt separates as colourless prismatic crystals, which hold 6 parts of water to each part of the chloride (Fownes).
Material untuk langkah ini:
Arang1 as requiredAlat yang dibutuhkan:
Wajan penguapan
Tungku ArangBatang Pengaduk KacaKacamata Pelindung Cipratan KimiaSarung tangan karet4
4
Drive off the water, or fuse it
Drive off the water, or fuse it
Heat the crystals to expel their water. Raised to a strong red heat in a crucible, the dry salt fuses; cast or broken into pieces, fused chloride is the form used to dry gases.
Material untuk langkah ini:
Arang1 as requiredAlat yang dibutuhkan:
Kowi Tanah Liat Tahan ApiTungku Arang
Penjepit Kowi
Sarung Tangan Tahan Panas5
5
Keep it shut away from the air
Keep it shut away from the air
The crystals are exceedingly deliquescent: left open they take water from the air and run to a liquid. Store the salt hot from drying in a stoppered jar.
Alat yang dibutuhkan:
Stoples Kaca6
6
Marble in, chloride out
Marble in, chloride out
Memuat notebook Jupyter…
7
7
Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting
Calcium chloride troubleshooting.
Flow
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8
8
History and honest limits
History and honest limits
Fownes (1856) names marble dissolved in hydrochloric acid as the usual source and adds that calcium chloride is also a by-product of several manufactures; Ure (1839) notes it as the residue of making ammonia from sal ammoniac and lime. Fownes gives no quantities; those in the notebook come from the equation. Testing for the end of the fizzing, and leaving room in the jar, are ordinary practice, not his words.
Alat yang Diperlukan
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