هنر
زیبایی و سلامت
صنایع دستی
فرهنگ و تاریخ
سرگرمی
محیط زیست
غذا و نوشیدنی
مهندسی معکوس
علوم
ورزش
فناوری
پوشیدنی‌ها
Single-Slope Solar Still
A copper alembic, already published here, boils a liquid over a fire and catches what rises. A solar still does the same separation with no fire at all: the sun evaporates water from a black basin, the vapour condenses on a sloping sheet of glass, and it runs down into a trough as distilled water. Salt, mud, metals and microbes stay behind in the basin, because none of them evaporate at these temperatures.
In 1872 an engineer named Charles Wilson built one of these at Las Salinas in the Atacama, a nitrate-mining settlement with no drinkable water. Its glass covered about 4,700 square metres and it produced roughly 20,000 litres a day for the miners and their mules, for nearly forty years, burning nothing. You will build a tray version of the same machine, measure what it actually yields, and work out why the answer is so much smaller than the sunlight falling on it.
مبتدی
4 hours plus a sunny day
دستورالعمل‌ها
1
1
Build the basin
Build the basin
Make a shallow open box from plywood, about 60 cm by 40 cm and 12 cm deep, and seal every inside joint with silicone. The basin has to hold two or three centimetres of water without weeping, because a leak is lost yield.
Paint the whole inside matt black and let it cure fully. Black matters more than it looks: clear water passes most sunlight straight through, so an unpainted basin heats the bottom of the tray and not the water. A black surface under the water absorbs the light and hands the heat back up into it.
مواد مورد نیاز این مرحله:
ورق تخته‌سه‌لا1 ورق
رنگ سیاه1 tin
چسب درزگیر سیلیکون1 tube2
2
Glaze it, sloping
Glaze it, sloping
Set a sheet of glass over the box as a lid, tilted so one long edge sits about 10 cm higher than the other — roughly 10 to 15 degrees. Seal the glass to the box everywhere except a gap along the LOW edge, where the condensate will run out.
The slope is doing two jobs. It aims the glass more squarely at the sun, and, far more importantly, it makes the drops run DOWN rather than hang. A flat cover grows fat droplets that eventually fall back into the basin, and you collect nothing. Anything that gets the film moving — a shallow slope, a clean sheet — is worth more than extra area.
مواد مورد نیاز این مرحله:
ورق شیشه1 ورقچسب درزگیر سیلیکون1 tube3
3
Hang the trough and the jar
Hang the trough and the jar
Fix a gutter along the inside of the low edge, under the glass, so every drop that runs down the sheet lands in it, and lead it out through a sealed hole to a collecting jar outside the box.
Keep the trough below the glass line and the jar out of the sun. Distilled water warming in a clear jar will simply evaporate again, and you will spend the afternoon watching your yield leave.
مواد مورد نیاز این مرحله:
چسب درزگیر سیلیکون1 tubeابزارهای مورد نیاز:
استوانهٔ مدرج4
4
Charge it with the worst water you have
Charge it with the worst water you have
Mix 35 grams of salt into a litre of water — that is roughly sea water — and pour two centimetres of it into the basin. Add a spoon of soil if you want to see the point made plainly.
Do not fill it deep. A deep basin is a large thermal mass that spends the morning warming up and never gets hot enough to give much vapour; a shallow film reaches temperature quickly and evaporates hard. This is the single change that most affects what you collect.
مواد مورد نیاز این مرحله:
نمک35 گرمابزارهای مورد نیاز:
استوانهٔ مدرج5
5
Run it for a day and log it
Run it for a day and log it
Put the still out at sunrise, facing the midday sun, and leave it. Read the basin temperature and the collected volume every hour if you can. Expect almost nothing before mid-morning, a steep run through the middle of the day, and a surprising amount in the first hour after peak sun, when the glass has cooled but the water has not.
Taste the product only after you have tested it — see the last step. It will taste flat, because distillation removes the dissolved minerals that give water its taste along with everything else.
ابزارهای مورد نیاز:
دماسنج
کرونومتراستوانهٔ مدرج6
6
Where the sunlight went
Where the sunlight went
در حال بارگذاری دفترچهٔ Jupyter…
7
7
Prove it worked, and know what it does not remove
Prove it worked, and know what it does not remove
Test the basin brine and the collected water side by side. The distillate should read close to neutral on a pH strip and taste flat rather than salty; the basin should be saltier than when you started, because you have removed water and left the salt.
Now the limit, and it matters. Distillation removes anything that does not evaporate: salt, heavy metals, sediment, bacteria, viruses. It does NOT remove compounds that boil below water — petrol, solvents, some pesticides ride over with the steam and land in your jar. A solar still is the right tool for seawater and for brackish groundwater. It is the wrong tool, on its own, for water you suspect of industrial contamination.
مواد مورد نیاز این مرحله:
آب مقطر1 لیترابزارهای مورد نیاز:
نوار سنجش pHمواد
6- 1 ورقجایگزین
- 1 tinجایگزین
- 3 tubeجایگزین
- 1 ورقجایگزین
- 35 گرمجایگزین
- 1 لیترجایگزین
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