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Alumina: Alum Precipitated with Water of Ammonia and Calcined, Ure 1839
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Alumina: Alum Precipitated with Water of Ammonia and Calcined, Ure 1839

Alum is the earth of clay, alumina, joined to sulphuric acid and potash. Andrew Ure (1839): drop a weak alum solution into water of ammonia and a bulky white earth falls; washed, it is pure alumina hydrate. Calcined hot, it gives up its water and leaves alumina. Strong ammonia stings the eyes and lungs: work in the open with goggles. The picture: aluminium oxide on a watch glass.
Kati
Three days

Maagizo

1

Dissolve the alum

Dissolve the alum in twenty times its weight of water (step 5).

Vifaa kwa hatua hii:

Alumu (alumu ya potasiamu)Alumu (alumu ya potasiamu)500 g

Zana zinazohitajika:

Maji yaliyosafishwa kwa mvukeMaji yaliyosafishwa kwa mvuke
Mizani ya mizani-mbiliMizani ya mizani-mbili
Sufuria KubwaSufuria Kubwa
Fimbo ya Kioo ya KukorogaFimbo ya Kioo ya Kukoroga
2

Precipitate

Outdoors, drop the alum solution slowly into water of ammonia, stirring, until the ammonia is nearly but not quite used up (red litmus barely turns blue). A bulky white earth falls.

Zana zinazohitajika:

Myeyusho wa amonia - asilimia 25-28Myeyusho wa amonia - asilimia 25-28
Bikari ya BorosilikatiBikari ya Borosilikati
Fimbo ya Kioo ya KukorogaFimbo ya Kioo ya Kukoroga
Karatasi ya litmasiKaratasi ya litmasi
Miwani ya kinga dhidi ya kemikaliMiwani ya kinga dhidi ya kemikali
Glavu za mpiraGlavu za mpira
3

Wash and dry

Let it settle, pour off the liquid, and wash the earth several times with clean water on a cloth. Dry it.

Zana zinazohitajika:

Kitambaa (cha Kuchuja)Kitambaa (cha Kuchuja)
Maji yaliyosafishwa kwa mvukeMaji yaliyosafishwa kwa mvuke
Sufuria KubwaSufuria Kubwa
Miwani ya kinga dhidi ya kemikaliMiwani ya kinga dhidi ya kemikali
Glavu za mpiraGlavu za mpira
4

Calcine

Pack the dry earth in a fireclay crucible and heat it in the furnace to about 1000 °C, checked with the pyrometer, for some hours. Cool, grind and keep the white alumina in a closed jar.

Zana zinazohitajika:

Kaure ya Udongo Mgumu wa MotoKaure ya Udongo Mgumu wa Moto
Tanuru la mkaaTanuru la mkaa
MkaaMkaa
Kipima joto kaliKipima joto kali
Koleo la kaure ya kuyeyushiaKoleo la kaure ya kuyeyushia
Glavu za kulehemuGlavu za kulehemu
Kinu na mchiKinu na mchi
Chupa ya KiooChupa ya Kioo
5

Earth from your alum

Inapakia daftari la Jupyter…

Vifaa

1

Zana Zinazohitajika

18

Mchoro huu unatengeneza

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Kishikilia nafasi

Unga wa alumina (oksidi ya alumini)

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Blueprint zinazohusiana

Blueprint hizi zinashiriki maarifa — mbinu, vifaa au kanuni

Potash Alum from Alum Shale

Potash Alum from Alum Shale

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Kemia

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Water of Ammonia from Sal Ammoniac and Lime, Ure 1839
Hatari

Water of Ammonia from Sal Ammoniac and Lime, Ure 1839

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