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Glycerin from Candle-Works Sweet Water: Cap's Process
Unknown (museum object via DPLA) · Public domain
Charlie

Imeundwa na

Charlie

13. Oktoba 2026DE
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Glycerin from Candle-Works Sweet Water: Cap's Process

The sweet water washed out of lime soap in the stearin candle works holds the fat's glycerin, with lime and fatty traces. Cap's process, given in Muspratt's Chemistry (1860), turns it into glycerin: the lime is thrown down as sulfate with sulfuric acid, the liquor is boiled down out of contact with the air, neutralised with chalk, filtered, cleared with bone black and concentrated to a colourless syrup of about 51° Twaddell.
Juu
Several days

Maagizo

1

Boil down the sweet water

Reduce the glycerin water drawn off from the lime soap by evaporation over a fire.

Vifaa kwa hatua hii:

Maji ya glaiseroliMaji ya glaiseroli1 as required
Makaa ya mawe ya bitumeniMakaa ya mawe ya bitumeni1 as required

Zana zinazohitajika:

Kikaango cha kuvukizaKikaango cha kuvukiza
Tanuru la matofaliTanuru la matofali
2

Find how much lime it holds

Measure out a known volume, precipitate its lime with oxalate of ammonia, collect the precipitate, dry it, burn it and weigh it. From that, work out how much sulfuric acid will just combine with all the lime.

Zana zinazohitajika:

Oksalati ya amoniaOksalati ya amonia
Karatasi ya KuchujaKaratasi ya Kuchuja
Kaure ya Udongo Mgumu wa MotoKaure ya Udongo Mgumu wa Moto
Mizani ya mizani-mbiliMizani ya mizani-mbili
3

Throw the lime down with sulfuric acid

Add that amount of sulfuric acid. Sulfate of lime falls. Let it settle and decant the clear liquid into another vessel.

Vifaa kwa hatua hii:

Asidi ya sulfurikiAsidi ya sulfuriki1 as required

Zana zinazohitajika:

Hodhi kubwa la mbaoHodhi kubwa la mbao
Miwani ya kinga dhidi ya kemikaliMiwani ya kinga dhidi ya kemikali
Glavu za mpiraGlavu za mpira
4

Boil it out of contact with air, to 14° Twaddell

Boil the liquid in a covered vessel, kept stirred, so the air cannot reach it. The boiling drives off volatile fatty impurities and the liquid loses colour and smell. At 14° Twaddell let it cool: more sulfate of lime falls.

Vifaa kwa hatua hii:

Makaa ya mawe ya bitumeniMakaa ya mawe ya bitumeni1 as required

Zana zinazohitajika:

Hodhi kubwa la mbaoHodhi kubwa la mbao
Kasia la mbaoKasia la mbao
Tanuru la matofaliTanuru la matofali
Kipima-uzito wa majimajiKipima-uzito wa majimaji
5

Neutralise any excess acid with chalk

Test with litmus. If the liquid is acid, add powdered chalk or limestone a little at a time until it is neutral.

Vifaa kwa hatua hii:

Kabonati ya Kalsiamu - Chokaa IliyopondwaKabonati ya Kalsiamu - Chokaa Iliyopondwa1 as required

Zana zinazohitajika:

Karatasi ya litmasiKaratasi ya litmasi
Kasia la mbaoKasia la mbao
6

Boil on to 37.5° and filter

Boil again out of contact with air, stirring actively, to 37.5° Twaddell. Collect the sulfate and carbonate of lime on a filter.

Vifaa kwa hatua hii:

Makaa ya mawe ya bitumeniMakaa ya mawe ya bitumeni1 as required

Zana zinazohitajika:

Hodhi kubwa la mbaoHodhi kubwa la mbao
Kasia la mbaoKasia la mbao
Tanuru la matofaliTanuru la matofali
Kipima-uzito wa majimajiKipima-uzito wa majimaji
ChujioChujio
7

Reduce to 49°, filtering again if needed

Evaporate the filtrate, keeping it well agitated, until on cooling it marks 49° Twaddell. If more sulfate of lime falls, filter again.

Vifaa kwa hatua hii:

Makaa ya mawe ya bitumeniMakaa ya mawe ya bitumeni1 as required

Zana zinazohitajika:

Kikaango cha kuvukizaKikaango cha kuvukiza
Tanuru la matofaliTanuru la matofali
Kipima-uzito wa majimajiKipima-uzito wa majimaji
ChujioChujio
8

Clear it through bone black

Pass it through washed animal charcoal (bone black) to take out the tinge. It comes through as a colourless solution of about 45° Twaddell.

Zana zinazohitajika:

Weusi wa mifupaWeusi wa mifupa
ChujioChujio
9

Concentrate to 51° Twaddell

Concentrate it carefully, driving off about a quarter of its weight of water, until the syrupy liquid reads 51.2° Twaddell. Store it closed.

Vifaa kwa hatua hii:

Makaa ya mawe ya bitumeniMakaa ya mawe ya bitumeni1 as required

Zana zinazohitajika:

Kikaango cha kuvukizaKikaango cha kuvukiza
Tanuru la matofaliTanuru la matofali
Kipima-uzito wa majimajiKipima-uzito wa majimaji
10

Cap's readings as specific gravity

Inapakia daftari la Jupyter…
11

Troubleshooting

Glycerin troubleshooting.

Flow

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12

History and honest limits

Muspratt (1860) gives Cap's process alongside the older lead-plaster method (olive oil and litharge, the lead removed with hydrogen sulfide). He quotes Wilson that Cap's glycerin, though better than the old product, is not absolutely pure. Bone black is used here as a filter that clears the colour; it is not part of the glycerin. The Twaddell-to-specific-gravity conversion is the standard definition of the scale.

Vifaa

4

Zana Zinazohitajika

14

Mchoro huu unatengeneza

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Kishikilia nafasi

Glaiseroli

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Blueprint zinazohusiana

Blueprint hizi zinashiriki maarifa — mbinu, vifaa au kanuni

Stearin Candle Stock by Lime Saponification
Hatari

Stearin Candle Stock by Lime Saponification

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Kikaboni

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