Ushirikiano
SANAA
UREMBO NA USTAWI
UJANJA
UTAMADUNI NA HISTORIA
BURUDANI
MAZINGIRA
CHAKULA NA VINYWAJI
UHANDISI WA KINYUME
SAYANSI
MICHEZO
TEKNOLOJIA
VAZI
Hatari
Chloranil: p-Nitroaniline Chlorinated, Reduced with Tin and Oxidised with Chlorate (Thorpe 1913)
Chloranil, tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone, is a quinone carrying four chlorine atoms, used to oxidise colourless leuco bases into dyes.
Thorpe's Dictionary of Applied Chemistry (1913) gives Witt and Toeche-Mittler's method, which gave the best results: chlorinate p-nitroaniline with potassium chlorate in hydrochloric acid to a dichloronitroaniline, then reduce it with tin in boiling hydrochloric acid and oxidise it with more chlorate to chloranil, 11 g from 12 g.
The glassware, the water for the chlorate and the filtering are ours.
Source: Thorpe, Dictionary of Applied Chemistry vol. IV (1913), QUINONES, p. 494. Picture: that page.
Juu
A day
Maudhui hatari
Blueprint hii ina taratibu za hatari. Ingia na uwashe maudhui ya hatari katika mipangilio ya akaunti yako ili kuona maagizo ya hatua kwa hatua.
IngiaMchoro huu unatengeneza
CC0 Umma Wote
Mchoro huu umetolewa chini ya CC0. Uko huru kunakili, kubadilisha, kusambaza, na kutumia kazi hii kwa madhumuni yoyote, bila kuomba ruhusa.
Saidia Mtengenezaji kwa kununua bidhaa kupitia Mchoro wao ambapo wanapata Kamisheni ya Mtengenezaji iliyowekwa na Wachuuzi, au unda marudio mapya ya Mchoro huu na uiunganishe kama kiungo katika Mchoro wako kuchangia mapato.