Holmium: Twice-Distilled Chloride Reduced by Lithium Vapour at 900 °C, then Sublimed at 1332 °C (Croat, Ames 1969)

Holmium chloride, dried with ammonium chloride and distilled twice, is reduced by lithium vapour inside a closed tantalum retort; the lithium chloride is distilled away, and the metal is sublimed and arc melted. Result: holmium metal, 99.98 % by weight; 863 g of chloride gave 521 g of metal. Source: J. J. Croat, The preparation of high purity dysprosium, holmium and erbium by the lithium reduction of their trichloride salts (Iowa State University / Ames Laboratory, 1969). Hydrochloric acid is corrosive; washing out lithium residues releases hydrogen, which can explode. Picture drawn by Youblob.

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Dysprosium: Oxide Reduced with Lanthanum Turnings at 1650 °C in High Vacuum, Metal Distilled Off (Sanden, Ames 1973)

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