SANAA
UREMBO NA USTAWI
UJANJA
UTAMADUNI NA HISTORIA
BURUDANI
MAZINGIRA
CHAKULA NA VINYWAJI
UHANDISI WA KINYUME
SAYANSI
MICHEZO
TEKNOLOJIA
VAZI
Hatari
Monochloroacetic Acid: Chlorine Bubbled into Hot Acetic Acid with a Little Acetic Anhydride (Hammond, Celanese, US 2,503,334)
Chlorine on its own hardly touches acetic acid. A little acetic anhydride turns into acetyl chloride, which carries the chlorine onto the acid; topping up the anhydride every few hours keeps the reaction going, and after 12 hours the liquor sets to crystals on cooling.
Result: about 150 parts of monochloroacetic acid crystals, 97.5 % pure, from 95-100 parts acetic acid (82 % conversion).
Source: Hammond, John and Page, US 2,503,334 (Celanese, 1950). Picture drawn by Youblob.
Juu
1 day
Maudhui hatari
Blueprint hii ina taratibu za hatari. Ingia na uwashe maudhui ya hatari katika mipangilio ya akaunti yako ili kuona maagizo ya hatua kwa hatua.
IngiaMchoro huu unatengeneza
CC0 Umma Wote
Mchoro huu umetolewa chini ya CC0. Uko huru kunakili, kubadilisha, kusambaza, na kutumia kazi hii kwa madhumuni yoyote, bila kuomba ruhusa.
Saidia Mtengenezaji kwa kununua bidhaa kupitia Mchoro wao ambapo wanapata Kamisheni ya Mtengenezaji iliyowekwa na Wachuuzi, au unda marudio mapya ya Mchoro huu na uiunganishe kama kiungo katika Mchoro wako kuchangia mapato.