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Phthalic Anhydride by Air Oxidation of Naphthalene: Gibbs and Conover, 1918
Harry D. Gibbs and Courtney Conover patented this in 1918, US 1,285,117 (filed 1917), and dedicated it to the public. Phthalic anhydride had been made by oxidising naphthalene with sulphuric acid in the presence of mercury sulphate; they used air instead. Naphthalene vapour mixed with plenty of air is passed over finely divided oxides of vanadium at 350–550 °C, and the phthalic anhydride formed is condensed and separated by fractional sublimation.
Juu
Works process
Maagizo
1
1
Melt and vaporise the naphthalene
Melt and vaporise the naphthalene
Melt the naphthalene and let it flow continuously, at a measured rate, into a heated chamber where it is volatilised.
Vifaa kwa hatua hii:
Naftalini1 as requiredZana zinazohitajika:
Chungu cha kuyeyushia cha chuma cha kutupwa
Chumba cha kugeuza mvuke
Kipimajoto2
2
Mix the vapour with air
Mix the vapour with air
Mix the naphthalene vapour with air in excess of the amount needed to oxidise it to phthalic anhydride, preferably at least four times the amount theoretically required.
Zana zinazohitajika:
Kipuliza hewaChumba cha kugeuza mvuke3
3
Pass it over vanadium oxide at 350–550 °C
Pass it over vanadium oxide at 350–550 °C
Pass the mixture into a reaction chamber kept at 350–550 °C, preferably 500 °C. There it is forced into close contact with oxides of vanadium in the form of a fine powder, supported on trays, with baffle plates forcing the gas current through it. Keep the gases under pressure only sufficient to make them flow continuously through the chamber. The naphthalene is oxidised to phthalic anhydride, with carbon dioxide and water.
Zana zinazohitajika:
Chumba cha kichocheo chenye trei
Oksidi ya vanadiamu
Kipima joto kaliKipuliza hewa4
4
Condense the products
Condense the products
Condense the products of the reaction, phthalic anhydride with small portions of other oxidation products of naphthalene, together with the unchanged naphthalene.
Zana zinazohitajika:
Chumba cha kugandisha mvuke5
5
Separate by fractional sublimation
Separate by fractional sublimation
Separate the phthalic anhydride from the other oxidation products and the unchanged naphthalene by fractional sublimation.
Zana zinazohitajika:
Kifaa cha usublimishajiKipimajoto6
6
How much air
How much air
Inapakia daftari la Jupyter…
Zana Zinazohitajika
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