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Tin Oxide: Tin Burnt in an Open Iron Pot
Ondřej Mangl (Wikimedia Commons) · Public domain
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14. Oktoba 2026DE
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Tin Oxide: Tin Burnt in an Open Iron Pot

Tin oxide is made by burning tin in air: melted tin in an open pot slowly turns to a white powder. Andrew Ure (1839) describes the enamel makers' way, with a lead-tin alloy in a flat iron pot, the powder raked aside as it forms, then ground and washed fine. Done with pure tin it gives the milky white oxide used in glazes, opal glass and polishing. The picture: tin(IV) oxide powder on a watch glass.
Kati
A day

Maagizo

1

Melt the tin in an open pot

Melt the tin in a flat cast-iron pot over a charcoal fire. Leave the pot open to the air.

Vifaa kwa hatua hii:

Kipande cha bati (tin)Kipande cha bati (tin)1 kg
MkaaMkaa1 as required

Zana zinazohitajika:

Mizani ya mizani-mbiliMizani ya mizani-mbili
Chungu cha kuyeyushia cha chuma cha kutupwaChungu cha kuyeyushia cha chuma cha kutupwa
Tanuru la mkaaTanuru la mkaa
KoleoKoleo
Glavu Zinazostahimili JotoGlavu Zinazostahimili Joto
2

Burn it, rake the powder aside

Raise the heat towards a dull red and keep stirring the surface. Rake the white crust to the sides as it forms, as Ure describes, and add tin as it is used up. Keep the heat as low as will do: Ure warns that too strong a fire fuses the powder and makes it hard to grind.

Zana zinazohitajika:

Chungu cha kuyeyushia cha chuma cha kutupwaChungu cha kuyeyushia cha chuma cha kutupwa
Reki ya chumaReki ya chuma
Kichota chenye matunduKichota chenye matundu
Glavu Zinazostahimili JotoGlavu Zinazostahimili Joto
3

Pick out the metal

Let the powder cool. Sift it and pick out any beads of tin; Ure: no metal may be left in the oxide. Melt the beads back in.

Zana zinazohitajika:

Ungo MwembambaUngo Mwembamba
Miwani ya kinga dhidi ya kemikaliMiwani ya kinga dhidi ya kemikali
4

Grind and wash

Grind the powder fine with water. Stir it up in a bucket of water, let the coarse part settle for a moment and pour off the milky water; let the fine part settle out of that, as Ure washed his. Dry it in a dish and store it closed.

Vifaa kwa hatua hii:

MajiMaji10 lita

Zana zinazohitajika:

Kinu na mchiKinu na mchi
Kisagio cha mkonoKisagio cha mkono
NdooNdoo
Sahani ya KuvukiziaSahani ya Kuvukizia
Chupa ya KiooChupa ya Kioo
5

Tin to oxide

Inapakia daftari la Jupyter…
6

Limits

Burning tin in air is how tin oxide is made (Wikipedia); the pot, raking, low heat and washing are Ure's practice for the lead-tin calx of enamel makers, used here with pure tin by our choice. Tin oxidises more slowly than Ure's lead-rich alloy, so allow time.

Vifaa

3
  • 1
    Kipande cha bati (tin)
    1 kg
    Kishikilia Nafasi
  • 1
    Mkaa
    1 as required
    Kishikilia Nafasi
  • 4
    Maji
    10 lita
    Kishikilia Nafasi

Zana Zinazohitajika

14

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