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Vanadium Pentoxide: Mottramite Sandstone Digested in Hydrochloric Acid, through Ammonium Metavanadate (Roscoe 1913)
The Cheshire Keuper sandstone carries a film of mottramite on its grains. Strong hydrochloric acid takes the vanadium off; ammonium chloride throws it down as ammonium metavanadate, and roasting that leaves vanadium pentoxide. Dissolving in ammonia and recrystallising cleans it.
Result: vanadium pentoxide free from phosphorus, the start of the vanadium chain.
Source: Roscoe and Schorlemmer, A Treatise on Chemistry vol. 2 (1913), p. 913. Not given: amounts, times, temperatures. Picture drawn by Youblob.
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