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Venetian Borax: Refining Tincal with Lime
Ra'ike (see also: de:Benutzer:Ra'ike) (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA 3.0
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Charlie

13. Oktoba 2026DE
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Venetian Borax: Refining Tincal with Lime

Native borax, tincal, came to Europe from the dried lake shores of Tibet and India coated in an earthy, soapy fat. Venice, then the Dutch, refined it in secret: the refined salt was called Venetian borax. One of their methods is recorded by Knapp, as Muspratt gives it in 1860: soften the tincal with water and a little slaked lime, wash it clean, dissolve it hot with a little chloride of calcium to take out the last of the soap, then crystallise it in lead-lined wooden cones. Borax is the flux of brazing and soldering.
Kati
Several days

Maagizo

1

Weigh the tincal and the additions

Weigh the tincal, about 1 per cent of its weight of slaked lime, and about 2 per cent of chloride of calcium (step 7 works it out for 10 kg).

Vifaa kwa hatua hii:

Tinkali (boraksi ghafi)Tinkali (boraksi ghafi)10 kg
Chokaa Kilichozimwa (Hidroksidi ya Kalsiamu)Chokaa Kilichozimwa (Hidroksidi ya Kalsiamu)100 g
Kloridi ya kalsiamuKloridi ya kalsiamu200 g

Zana zinazohitajika:

Mizani ya mizani-mbiliMizani ya mizani-mbili
2

Soften it with water and lime

Soften the tincal in a small quantity of cold water in a wooden tub, and stir it about while adding the slaked lime little by little.

Vifaa kwa hatua hii:

MajiMaji1 as required

Zana zinazohitajika:

Beseni la mbaoBeseni la mbao
Kasia la mbaoKasia la mbao
Miwani ya kinga dhidi ya kemikaliMiwani ya kinga dhidi ya kemikali
Glavu za mpiraGlavu za mpira
3

Wash it several times

Pour off the turbid lime-water. Let the impurities settle out of it, then pour the clear liquid back over the crystals. Repeat this several times; it takes away the greater part of the soapy crust.

Zana zinazohitajika:

Beseni la mbaoBeseni la mbao
Kasia la mbaoKasia la mbao
4

Dissolve hot with chloride of calcium

Dissolve the washed crystals in hot water and add the chloride of calcium. It turns what soap remains into an insoluble lime soap (and common salt); strain that off.

Vifaa kwa hatua hii:

MajiMaji1 as required
MkaaMkaa1 as required

Zana zinazohitajika:

Kikaango cha kuvukizaKikaango cha kuvukiza
Tanuru la mkaaTanuru la mkaa
ChujioChujio
Kasia la mbaoKasia la mbao
Miwani ya kinga dhidi ya kemikaliMiwani ya kinga dhidi ya kemikali
Glavu za mpiraGlavu za mpira
5

Boil down to 21 degrees Baumé

Evaporate the clear liquid to 21 degrees Baumé, a specific gravity of 1.17, checking with a hydrometer.

Vifaa kwa hatua hii:

MkaaMkaa1 as required

Zana zinazohitajika:

Kikaango cha kuvukizaKikaango cha kuvukiza
Tanuru la mkaaTanuru la mkaa
Kipima-uzito wa majimajiKipima-uzito wa majimaji
6

Crystallise in lead-lined cones

Run the liquor into wooden vessels lined with lead and shaped as short inverted cones, and let it crystallise. Any deposit collects in the narrow lower part and does not spoil the crystals. Knapp adds that a little tincal stirred in before this last crystallisation keeps the crystals from splitting and flying off the work when heated for soldering.

Zana zinazohitajika:

Tangi la kufanya fuweleTangi la kufanya fuwele
Bati la risasiBati la risasi
7

Knapp's additions, per 10 kg

Inapakia daftari la Jupyter…
8

Powder it for flux

Take out the crystals, dry them and grind them in a mortar to a powder for use as flux. Keep it covered: in dry air borax slowly loses water and turns opaque on the surface.

Zana zinazohitajika:

Kinu na mchiKinu na mchi
9

Troubleshooting

Borax refining troubleshooting.

Flow

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10

History and honest limits

Muspratt (1860) gives Knapp's two known methods of the secret Venetian and Dutch refining; this is the lime method. The other washed the powdered tincal with caustic soda lye and added carbonate of soda. By Muspratt's time most borax was made instead from the boracic acid of Tuscany and carbonate of soda. Knapp's per cent figures do not say of what; we take them as per cent of the tincal. Grinding the crystals to powder is ours.

Vifaa

5

Zana Zinazohitajika

12

Mchoro huu unatengeneza

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Kishikilia nafasi

Boraksi ya utengenezaji wa wanyama

Free

59
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Kishikilia nafasi

Poda ya boraksi

Free

201
0
1

Blueprint zinazohusiana

Blueprint hizi zinashiriki maarifa — mbinu, vifaa au kanuni

Chloride of Calcium from Marble and Spirit of Salt

Chloride of Calcium from Marble and Spirit of Salt

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