Diagonal-Blade Shouldered-Breaker Churn: Pitched Blades on Uneven Arms Turn Under the Shoulders of Two Breakers

"Motion being given to the dash blades by means of the crank and gearing, in the direction of the arrows, they will by their diagonal position on the arms throw the cream or milk outward against the side of the barrel and against the breakers, part passing through the space between the breakers and the side of the barrel, and part being thrown through the holes (h) in the breakers and part being thrown back by the breakers meeting these currents causing a concussion between them"

Use a wooden tub 360 mm across inside and 450 mm deep; glue the foot step in the middle of its floor and two hardwood sockets g opposite each other against the wall. Cut two breakers from 15 mm hardwood, 420 mm tall, their outer edges 10 mm off the wall: from the top down to 350 mm up their inner edges reach 40 mm from the middle, then step out at H to 118 mm, and at H' (165 mm up) to 150 mm. Bore two 30 mm holes h through each at 220 and 290 mm up. Screw a cross piece 336 x 40 x 20 mm across their tops, bored 32 mm in the middle, and stand them in the sockets leaning slightly. Fill the tub with water overnight so it swells tight, then empty it.

Turn a hardwood shaft 30 mm across and 500 mm long, its foot turned to 19 mm and its top 40 mm cut to a 12 mm square. Bore it across for two 16 mm hardwood arms at 300 mm up, 204 mm long, and two at 110 mm up at right angles, 272 mm long. Cut eight blades 90 x 70 x 10 mm, bore each through its middle at 45 degrees to its face for the arm, and slide them on: the upper pair at 50 and 62 mm from the shaft, the lower at 84 and 96 mm, the nearer and farther blade on opposite sides. Pin each where it sits.

Cut a cover to sit on the rim, bored 32 mm in its middle, held by two hooks and eyes. Screw two chairs on it in a line from the middle, carrying a 12 mm stainless shaft with the crown wheel and a crank, and drop the pinion over the shaft's square top so they mesh. Lift the cover off to free the shaft; lift the breakers out by the cross piece to clean them.

Pour about 15 litres of heavy cream at about 15 °C into the tub, checked with the thermometer, put the cover on and hook it. Turn the crank steadily in the blades' direction, timing it. When the butter comes, lift the cover, dash and breakers out, take out the butter, drain the buttermilk, wash the butter in cold water until it runs clear, salt and weigh it.

**Lester Day** of Buffalo, Erie County, New York, US 26,970, 31 January 1860, "Churn". He claimed the breakers E with shoulders H, H', fixed to the cross piece F and removable with it, and the adjustable diagonal dash blades D working with them. His blades may also be turned on their arms to throw the cream upward, or inward and downward when reversed. His bevel wheel and pinion are here a printed crown wheel and pinion. The patent gives no sizes; every size here is ours.