Leaning-Scoop Churn: Three Scoops Tilted 10, 5 and 0 Degrees Throw the Cream at Sharp-Topped Ribs and a Slit Cover

"The nature of my invention and improvement consists in the application of the scoops or arms marked B inserted in a shaft marked S, one at the base, the upper edge of which scoop or arm leans backward ten degrees; the second, one third distant to the left, the upper edge of which leans backward five degrees; the third, one third distant from the second and above the other at right angles."

Cut a 35 mm hardwood dowel 348 mm long for the shaft and drill 12 mm stainless spindles 30 mm into each end, the lower one standing out 15 mm, the upper one 70 mm. Screw a hardwood block 60 x 60 x 20 mm to the bucket's floor centre as the spindle box F and bore it 12.6 mm, 15 deep. Bore three 12 mm holes into the shaft for the scoops' stems, a third of a turn apart, 56, 86 and 116 mm above the floor, and glue the scoops in, the 10-degree one lowest, the upright one highest, each leaning back against the way the shaft turns.

Cut four hardwood ribs 20 mm thick and 25 deep, 100 mm long on the inner edge and with their tops slanting down from the wall to the inner edge over 40 mm; plane both faces of the slant to a sharp edge. Screw them inside the bucket a quarter turn apart, 160 mm up from the floor, and seal each screw hole outside with silicone.

Cut a disc of 3 mm HDPE sheet to fit inside the bucket 300 mm up, with a 40 mm hole in the centre, and fit a printed or hardwood tube D 48 mm across and 60 long in the hole round the shaft. Saw a slit E from the tube to the rim; warm the sheet beside it with the heat gun and lift one side 15 mm so it projects over the other. Screw three small hardwood cleats inside the bucket for the cover to rest on.

Cut a hardwood bridge 350 x 205 x 25 mm to sit on the bucket's rim and bore it 13 mm over the centre for the shaft's upper spindle; fit the pinion on the spindle above it. Screw two hardwood chairs on the bridge carrying a 12 mm stainless crank shaft with the crown wheel meshing the pinion, and fit a hardwood crank with a dowel handle on its outer end; hold it with collars.

Pour about 6 litres of heavy cream at about 15 °C, checked with the thermometer, into the bucket, set the shaft in its box, lay the cover over the shaft on its cleats, and set the bridge and gearing on the rim. Turn the crank steadily, timing it, so the scoops travel with their hollows forward. When the butter comes, lift off the bridge, cover and shaft, take out the butter, pour the buttermilk into a bowl, wash the butter in cold water until it runs clear, salt and weigh it.

**Daniel H. Wiswell** of Buffalo, New York, US 27,504, 13 March 1860, "Churn", assigned to Chas. W. Adams and Debby Pinner. He claimed the inner cover A, the scoops B, and the sharp edge and slant of the ribs' tops, combined. His text does not make plain where each scoop sits; ours are a third of a turn apart, each higher than the last, the third upright. His spindle box is lignum vitae or hemlock knot; ours is hardwood. Every size here is ours.