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Bismuth: Sweated Out of Native Ore in Inclined Iron Tubes, the Schneeberg Way (Thorpe, 1912)
The old way of getting bismuth from ore that holds it as the metal: heat the lumps just enough in sloping iron tubes and the bismuth, which melts easily, runs out of the rock into pots under charcoal. It takes 30-60 minutes a charge but gets only about two-thirds of the metal.
Not given: the furnace temperature.
Source: E. Thorpe, Dictionary of Applied Chemistry vol. I (1912), Bismuth, p. 458. Picture: Thorpe's Fig. 1, the furnace in plan.
Katamtaman
30-60 minutes per charge
Mga Tagubilin
1
1
Pick and break the ore
Pick and break the ore
Sort the ore (7-12 % bismuth) by hand from the waste rock as far as possible and break it into pieces the size of a hazel nut.
Mga materyales para sa hakbang na ito:
Likas na mineral ng bismuth1 12 cwt per tube chargeMga kailangang kasangkapan:
Martilyo
Timbangang pandaraan2
2
Charge the tubes
Charge the tubes
Load about 12 cwt into each inclined iron tube of the furnace, leaving room to stir from the upper end. Close the upper ends with iron plates and the lower ends with plates pierced with round holes. Under each lower end stand an iron pot holding powdered charcoal, kept gently warm by a small charcoal fire.
Mga materyales para sa hakbang na ito:
Uling1 powdered, in the pots and for the pot fireMga kailangang kasangkapan:
Pugon sa pagtunaw at paghiwalay ng bismuth
Krisol na bakal3
3
Sweat out the bismuth
Sweat out the bismuth
Fire the furnace with wood so that the metal flows easily. In about 10 minutes the bismuth begins to run into the pots, where the charcoal covers it from the air. Stir the ore now and then with an iron rod from the upper end; in 30-60 minutes the charge is done. 20 cwt of ore burns about 63 cubic feet of wood.
Mga materyales para sa hakbang na ito:
Panggatong1 about 63 cu ft per 20 cwt of oreMga kailangang kasangkapan:
Pugon sa pagtunaw at paghiwalay ng bismuth
Bilog na baras na bakal4
4
Rake out and recharge
Rake out and recharge
Rake the spent ore (bismuth barley) out of the upper end into the tank and refill at once with fresh ore.
Mga kailangang kasangkapan:
Kalaykay na bakal
Pugon sa pagtunaw at paghiwalay ng bismuth5
5
Cast ingots
Cast ingots
Ladle the bismuth from the pots into moulds and cast ingots of 25-50 lb.
Mga kailangang kasangkapan:
Krisol na bakal
Sandok ng pagbububo ng metal
Hulmahan ng lingoteMga Materyales
3- 1 12 cwt per tube chargePlaceholder
- 1 powdered, in the pots and for the pot firePlaceholder
- 1 about 63 cu ft per 20 cwt of orePlaceholder
Mga Kinakailangang Kasangkapan
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