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Glass Hydrometer: Blown, Weighted with Shot, Calibrated in Known Liquids
A hydrometer is a glass float with a thin stem: it sinks deeper in light liquids and rides higher in dense ones, so a scale on the stem reads specific gravity. Baumé fixed his scale at two points, pure water and 15 % brine (Ure, 1839); here the scale is marked in sugar solutions of known strength, giving degrees Brix, and in liquids weighed for their specific gravity.
The picture: an old glass hydrometer with a paper scale inside its stem and a ballast bulb below.
Abantado
A day
Mga Tagubilin
1
1
Blow the float
Blow the float
On a tube, blow an elongated bulb, then a small second bulb below it for ballast, and draw the tube above into a thin, even stem.
Mga materyales para sa hakbang na ito:
Kit ng mga Tubong Salamin1 pirasoMga kailangang kasangkapan:
Pang-ihip ng salamin na pang-mesa
Salaming pangkaligtasan
Guwantes na Matibay sa Init2
2
Ballast and scale paper
Ballast and scale paper
Drop small lead shot into the lower bulb until the float stands upright in water with most of the stem out. Slide a paper strip into the stem.
Mga materyales para sa hakbang na ito:
Lingote ng Tingga50 g
Papel1 pirasoMga kailangang kasangkapan:
Timbangang panimbang3
3
Seal the top
Seal the top
Heat the top of the stem and draw it closed. Check that it floats upright and does not leak.
Mga kailangang kasangkapan:
Pang-ihip ng salamin na pang-mesaSalaming pangkaligtasan4
4
Mark the water point
Mark the water point
Float it in water at room temperature in the cylinder and mark where the surface cuts the stem: specific gravity 1.000 and 0 °Brix.
Mga materyales para sa hakbang na ito:
Tubig1 litroMga kailangang kasangkapan:
Silindrong may sukatan
Termometro
Panggurit na Diyamante5
5
Mark the other points
Mark the other points
Make sugar solutions by weight (see the notebook) and salt brines; float the hydrometer in each and mark the stem. Weigh 100 mL of each liquid to write its specific gravity beside the mark. Copy the marks onto the paper strip in ink and reseal if you opened it.
Mga materyales para sa hakbang na ito:
Puting asukal0.3 kg
Asin0.3 kgTubig2 litro
Tintang Bakal at Bukol ng Roble2 mlMga kailangang kasangkapan:
Timbangang panimbangSilindrong may sukatan
Pluma ng Balahibo6
6
Calibration liquids
Calibration liquids
Naglo-load ng Jupyter notebook…
7
7
Limits
Limits
Ure's two-point Baumé principle and the Brix definition are sourced; the bulb form, shot ballast and weighing method are ours. Read at the temperature you calibrated at; this hydrometer has no potential-alcohol scale.
Mga Materyales
7- 1 pirasoPlaceholder
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- 3 litroPlaceholder
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Mga Kinakailangang Kasangkapan
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