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Water-Cooled Condenser: Liebig's Glass Tube Corked in a Metal Pipe (Fownes, 1847)
Liebig's condenser as Fownes described it in 1847: a glass tube, tapering from end to end, held by bored corks in the centre of a metal pipe, with tubes that let a current of cold water run through the pipe around it. Vapour from a retort passes down the glass tube, condenses and runs into the receiver.
With a few pieces of ice in the little cistern the water stays at 32 °F (0 °C), and even very volatile liquids condense.
Unknown: the metal of the pipe, the material of the water tubes and all sizes. Fownes does not give them.
Source: G. Fownes, Elementary Chemistry (1847), p. 46 and Fig. 33. Picture: Fig. 33.
Katamtaman
Unknown
Mga Tagubilin
1
1
Cork the glass tube into the pipe
Cork the glass tube into the pipe
Bore a cork for each end of the metal pipe. Pass the glass tube, which tapers from end to end, through both corks so that it is held in the centre of the pipe. Ours: the cork borer.
Mga materyales para sa hakbang na ito:
Tubong salamin1 tapering from end to end
Hindi alam na metal1 the pipe
Mga tapon na kortsa2 perforated
Hindi alam na sukat1 pirasoMga kailangang kasangkapan:
Pambutas ng kortsa2
2
Fit the water tubes
Fit the water tubes
Provide the pipe with tubes so arranged that a current of cold water can circulate through it. As drawn in Fig. 33, the water comes from a little cistern with a cock, standing above the apparatus, down to the lower end of the pipe, and leaves at the upper end into a jar.
Mga materyales para sa hakbang na ito:
Hindi kilalang materyal1 water tubes and cisternMga kailangang kasangkapan:
Pambutas ng kortsa3
3
Run the cold water
Run the cold water
While distilling, let cold water flow from the cistern through the pipe. For very volatile liquids put a few pieces of ice into the cistern: the water then stays at 32 °F (0 °C).
Mga kailangang kasangkapan:
Tubig
Dinurog na yeloMga Materyales
5- 1 tapering from end to endPlaceholder
- 1 the pipePlaceholder
- 2 perforatedPlaceholder
- 1 pirasoPlaceholder
- 1 water tubes and cisternPlaceholder
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