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Spiegeleisen from Spathic Ore: Siegen Blast Furnace
Spiegeleisen, 'mirror iron', is pig iron rich in manganese. Bessemer steelmakers added it to the blown metal to put back carbon and manganese. The Siegen works made it by roasting their manganese-bearing spathic ore and smelting it in the blast furnace with brown hematite, limestone and coke, as Bauerman describes (1890).
Abantado
Works process
Mga Tagubilin
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Watch: iron from a blast furnace
Watch: iron from a blast furnace
A 1951 film of the blast furnace: ore, coke and limestone in layers, hot blast, slag and tapping. Spiegeleisen is made the same way from a manganese-rich ore.
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Roast the spathic ore
Roast the spathic ore
Break the ore small. In the kiln, lay 4 in of charcoal on the upper grate, then alternate layers of ore and waste fuel (coke breeze), 40 parts ore to 8 fuel by measure. Light a wood fire on the lower grate and keep it three days. Draw a quarter of the roasted ore each day and refill with half the fuel.
Mga materyales para sa hakbang na ito:
Mineral ng bakal na siderite1 as required
Uling1 as required
Kokeng metalurhiko1 as required
Panggatong1 as requiredMga kailangang kasangkapan:
Hurnong pang-ihaw ng mineral
Mabigat na maso3
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Charge the blast furnace
Charge the blast furnace
Each charge: 28.8 parts roasted spathic ore, 7.2 brown hematite and 9 limestone, with 20 parts coke (Charlottenhütte, by weight).
Mga materyales para sa hakbang na ito:
Mineral ng bakal (bakal ng latian / hematita / magnetita)1 as required
Karbonatong Kalsyo - Dinurog na Apog1 as requiredKokeng metalurhiko1 as requiredMga kailangang kasangkapan:
Hurnong pantunaw ng bakal4
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Blow it hot
Blow it hot
Blow through three tuyeres at about 3½ lb per square inch, with a hot blast (280–300° in Bauerman). Keep the hearth hot: a hotter blast reduces more manganese. Keep the slag nearly neutral.
Mga kailangang kasangkapan:
Hurnong pantunaw ng bakal
Pirometro5
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Tap and cast
Tap and cast
Tap the metal into moulds. Siegen's spiegeleisen held about 8 % manganese.
Mga kailangang kasangkapan:
Baras na pambutas ng hurno
Hulmahan ng lingote
Guwantes na Matibay sa Init
Panangga sa Mukha6
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Honest limits
Honest limits
Figures are Bauerman's (1890) for Siegen; a works blast furnace made about 30 tons a day. Later spiegel ran ~15 % manganese (Wikipedia), from richer Spanish and Sardinian ores.
Mga Materyales
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Mga Kinakailangang Kasangkapan
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