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White Charcoal Pig Iron: Calcined Magnetic Ore Smelted with Charcoal in a Swedish Blast Furnace (Percy, 1864)
Sweden's bar iron began in small charcoal blast furnaces fed with roasted magnetic ore. Percy describes the Sten furnace and how the Swedes smelted: slow, with gentle blast, and with no hot blast at all for the best Dannemora iron, whose manganese-rich ore gives a white, crystalline pig made for the finery.
Result: white pig iron in iron moulds, 40-60 tons a week; about half the weight of the ore comes out as iron.
Source: John Percy, Metallurgy: Iron and Steel (1864), pp. 370-375. Picture: Percy's Fig. 54, the Swedish blast furnace.
Dalubhasa
continuous; tapped every 6 hours
Mga Tagubilin
1
1
Calcine the ore
Calcine the ore
Break the magnetic ore into lumps no bigger than a double fist and roast it carefully in a mine-kiln heated by the waste gas of the furnace. The Swedes always calcine mountain ores, even without sulphur; any sulphur from pyrites is driven off.
Mga materyales para sa hakbang na ito:
Magnetite1 oreMga kailangang kasangkapan:
Hurnong pang-ihaw ng mineral2
2
Crush the roasted ore
Crush the roasted ore
Crush the calcined ore between grooved cast-iron rolls driven by an overshot water wheel, to pieces of ¼ to 1 cubic inch.
Mga kailangang kasangkapan:
Mga rolyong pandurog
Gulong-tubig3
3
Prepare the furnace
Prepare the furnace
Use a charcoal blast furnace of fire-brick in a sand-filled outer shell. Stamp the lower boshes and hearth from 6 parts crushed quartz to 1 part raw fire-clay by measure round a wooden block, and dry it very slowly with a wood fire. It has three water-cooled tuyeres about 2½ inches across.
Mga kailangang kasangkapan:
Hurnong pantunaw ng bakal4
4
Set the blast
Set the blast
Blow with a water-driven blowing engine (at Sten three cylinders about 45 inches across, 45-inch stroke) at ½ to 1½ lb per square inch, more for hard charcoal. Keep the blast so slow that the furnace contents take at least 12 hours to pass through. For pig meant for bar iron the blast is warmed only to about 100 °C; the best Dannemora iron is made with cold blast.
Mga kailangang kasangkapan:
Blowing engineGulong-tubig5
5
Charge charcoal and ore
Charge charcoal and ore
Charge 30-50 cubic feet of charcoal at a time and 7-10 cwt of ore on top, half spread round the sides and half in the middle, the most siliceous ore first. Dannemora ore needs no flux (other ores take 10-15 % limestone). It takes about 0.8 to 1 ton of charcoal per ton of iron.
Mga materyales para sa hakbang na ito:
Uling1 0.8-1 ton per ton of ironMga kailangang kasangkapan:
Hurnong pantunaw ng bakal6
6
Tap into iron moulds
Tap into iron moulds
Tap every 6 hours and run the metal into iron moulds, not sand. A furnace makes 40-60 tons a week; the cinder runs thin and holds under 1 % iron. Pig from Dannemora ore is white and crystalline, from its manganese.
Mga kailangang kasangkapan:
Hulmahan ng lingoteMga Kinakailangang Kasangkapan
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