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Constantan Resistance Wire from Copper and Nickel
Constantan is a copper-nickel alloy, usually 55 % copper and 45 % nickel, whose electrical resistance stays nearly the same as it warms; that is why strain gauges, thermocouples and resistance coils are wound with it. Copper and nickel melt together in any proportion, so the alloy is made by fusing the two, casting small sticks and drawing them into wire.
The melt follows C. Morfit's copper-nickel alloy as Brannt gives it in *The Metallic Alloys* (1889): nickel and an equal weight of copper fused with borax in a graphite crucible, the rest of the copper stirred in. Hiorns (1912) adds that the nickel must be as pure as possible, which is what the Mond process gives.
اعلیٰ
Foundry day, then drawing
ہدایات
1
1
Weigh the charge
Weigh the charge
For 1 kg of 55/45 constantan weigh 450 g nickel and 550 g copper, and set aside 100 g of the copper for the second addition. Use nickel as pure as you can get: Hiorns warns that silicon, carbon, iron and sulphur in it greatly reduce how well the alloy works.
اس مرحلے کے لیے مواد:
تانبے کا ڈلا550 گرام
کاربونل عمل کا نکل450 گرامدرکار اوزار:
پلڑوں والی ترازو2
2
Fuse nickel with an equal weight of copper
Fuse nickel with an equal weight of copper
Put the nickel and an equal weight of copper (450 g of each) into a graphite crucible with some borax, and fuse them in the furnace. This is Morfit's first stage: nickel melts far hotter than copper, and melting it among copper brings it down sooner. Constantan itself melts at about 1,220–1,300 °C.
اس مرحلے کے لیے مواد:
سہاگے کا سفوف1 as requiredدرکار اوزار:
گریفائٹ اور مٹی کی کٹھالی
لکڑی کے کوئلے کی بھٹی
کٹھالی کی چمٹی
حرارت روک دستانے
چمڑے کا ایپرن3
3
Stir in the rest of the copper
Stir in the rest of the copper
Add the remaining 100 g of copper to the melted mass, stirring constantly with an iron rod until it has gone in and the metal is one even liquid.
درکار اوزار:
لوہے کی ہلانے والی سلاخلکڑی کے کوئلے کی بھٹیکٹھالی کی چمٹیحرارت روک دستانے4
4
Cast small sticks
Cast small sticks
Pour the alloy into a warmed ingot mould as small sticks, as Morfit did. Pour in one run; the alloy chills quickly.
درکار اوزار:
ڈلی کا سانچہکٹھالی کی چمٹیحرارت روک دستانےچمڑے کا ایپرن5
5
Anneal the sticks
Anneal the sticks
Anneal the cast sticks before working them: cast copper-nickel is crystalline, and Hiorns gives careful annealing at a moderate temperature as the cure.
درکار اوزار:
تلدین کی بھٹیکٹھالی کی چمٹیحرارت روک دستانے6
6
Draw it like copper wire
Draw it like copper wire
Forge a stick into a round rod, file a taper and draw it through the drawplate hole by hole, as copper wire is drawn. Never take the size down too fast: Hiorns warns that metal drawn without annealing breaks unless it rests five to ten minutes between passes. Anneal it as the copper wire is annealed. Simmons's strain gauges used No. 40 gauge, about 0.08 mm.
7
7
Measure the resistance
Measure the resistance
Measure the diameter in several places, cut a measured length and find its resistance on a Wheatstone bridge. Compare the result with the ohms per metre in the next step. A wire that reads much higher than expected has a thin place or a crack in it.
درکار اوزار:
مائیکرو میٹر
وہیٹ اسٹون برج8
8
Charge and resistance figures
Charge and resistance figures
Jupyter نوٹ بک لوڈ ہو رہی ہے…
9
9
Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting
Constantan wire troubleshooting.
Flow
Loading...
10
10
History and honest limits
History and honest limits
In 1887 Edward Weston found an alloy whose resistance falls as it warms, a property, he wrote, of no other metallic conductor he knew. Wikipedia says his "Alloy No. 2" was produced in Germany and renamed Konstantan. By 1912 Hiorns listed Constantan, Eureka and Heckenham metal among the copper-nickel alloys used for resistances.
Morfit's alloy was 33 nickel to 67 copper; we keep his two-stage method and scale it to 55/45, the usual constantan and Simmons's wire. That scaling is ours. The 55/45 figure and the resistivity are from Wikipedia's Constantan article. Very fine wire like No. 40 gauge needs drawplate holes that fine.
مواد
3- 550 گرامپلیس ہولڈر
- 450 گرامپلیس ہولڈر
- 1 as requiredپلیس ہولڈر
درکار اوزار
11- پلیس ہولڈر
- پلیس ہولڈر
- پلیس ہولڈر
- پلیس ہولڈر
- پلیس ہولڈر
- پلیس ہولڈر
- پلیس ہولڈر
- پلیس ہولڈر
- پلیس ہولڈر
- پلیس ہولڈر
- پلیس ہولڈر
یہ بلوپرنٹ بناتا ہے
متعلقہ بلیو پرنٹ
یہ بلیو پرنٹ علم بانٹتے ہیں — تکنیک، مواد یا اصول
CC0 پبلک ڈومین
یہ بلیو پرنٹ CC0 کے تحت جاری کیا گیا ہے۔ آپ اجازت لیے بغیر اس کام کو نقل، ترمیم، تقسیم اور کسی بھی مقصد کے لیے استعمال کرنے کے لیے آزاد ہیں۔
میکر کی حمایت کریں ان کے بلیو پرنٹ کے ذریعے پروڈکٹس خرید کر جہاں وہ میکر کمیشن وینڈرز کی طرف سے مقرر، کماتے ہیں، یا اس بلیو پرنٹ کی نئی تکرار بنائیں اور آمدنی شیئر کرنے کے لیے اسے اپنے بلیو پرنٹ میں کنکشن کے طور پر شامل کریں۔