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The Flexible Shaft: Turning a Tool Round a Corner
James B. Morrison, St. Louis · Public domain (expired patent)
Martin

Autor

Martin

27. wrzesień 2026NO
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The Flexible Shaft: Turning a Tool Round a Corner

A dentist's drill must reach any tooth at any angle while it spins. A rigid shaft cannot follow the hand; universal joints give a few fixed bends. James B. Morrison of St. Louis tried two answers. His dental engine of 1871 carried the drive by a belt over pivoted, sprung arms. A year earlier his US 106,498, *Improvement in Flexible Shafts*, dated 16 August 1870, carried it through "a wire spiral or helix … enveloped in a short piece of india-rubber pipe, which allows the free flexure of the helix", in sleeves that act as bearings, with an adjustable head holding the bur and a parallel bracket for the instrument tray. The flexible shaft outlived the dental use: it drives rotary tools, speedometers and hedge trimmers today. This rung works out why only thin wires can bend and keep turning, and makes a flexible shaft from wound spring wire.
Początkujący
About 3 hours

Instrukcje

1

Bending stress, fatigue and torque

Wczytywanie notatnika Jupyter…
2

The sibling: belt over sprung arms

Morrison's other answer to the same problem carries the drive by a belt over pivoted arms. The embedded blueprint builds it; compare the two ways of reaching round a corner.
3

Read the 1870 flexible power-conveyer

Fig. 1 of US 106,498 shows the apparatus on a stand: a pulley shaft B, joined by a wire helix C in a rubber pipe c to a shaft section D, turning in a swivel-eye E; a double hinged parallel bracket H, I carrying the instrument tray L, which stays level however the bracket swings; and further helix sections R and t′ leading through a sleeve to the socket-head holding the burr U. The patent's three claims, in order: the flexible shaft with its enveloping sleeve, which gives journal-bearing to the enclosed shaft and the tool; an adjustable head joined to the sleeve by a hinge, so the tool can be set at any angle; and the combination with a parallel bracket that swings, rises and extends.
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Wind a flexible shaft and drive it

Clamp a 3 mm steel rod in a cordless drill as a mandrel. Clamp one end of a length of 0.8 mm spring steel wire to the rod and, turning the drill slowly, wind a close helix about 400 mm long, every turn touching the last. Slide it off: that is the core. Push a short length of steel rod into each end and secure it with a dab of solder or a crimped sleeve. Chuck one end in the drill; put a small drill bit in a pin chuck on the other end, held in a length of aluminium tube as the sleeve-bearing. Bend the core round a 100 mm radius and run the drill in the direction that tightens the coil: the bit turns and will drill soft wood. Reverse the drill: the coil opens, winds up and barely turns the bit. Compare with a commercial rotary-tool flex shaft.

Materiały do tego kroku:

Drut sprężynowyDrut sprężynowy1 sztuka
Pręt stalowy surowyPręt stalowy surowy1 sztuka
Rura aluminiowaRura aluminiowa1 sztuka
Lut cynowo-ołowiowyLut cynowo-ołowiowy1 sztuka
Wał giętki do narzędzia obrotowegoWał giętki do narzędzia obrotowego1 sztuka

Potrzebne narzędzia:

Wiertarko-wkrętarka akumulatorowaWiertarko-wkrętarka akumulatorowa
Zestaw wiertełZestaw wierteł
Imadło warsztatoweImadło warsztatowe
LutownicaLutownica
Skórzane rękawice roboczeSkórzane rękawice robocze
Okulary ochronne bezbarwneOkulary ochronne bezbarwne
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A flexible shaft that fails

Flexible shaft faults.

Flow

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History and honest limits

**James B. Morrison** of St. Louis was granted **US 106,498**, dated 16 August 1870, for his flexible power-conveyer "for dental and other purposes"; his treadle dental engine with sprung arms followed in 1871 (US 111,667). Flexible shafts with multi-layer wire cores now drive rotary tools, instrument cables and garden tools. **Honest limits.** The bending-stress figures are the simple beam formula for one wire; a real core's stresses depend on its winding. A hand-wound single helix is a demonstration, not a tool shaft — it will not last.

Materiały

5

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6

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