Set-Wing Dasher Churn: Wings on Two Cross Rods Through the Staff Are Set by Screws to Lift or Press the Cream

"D, D, represent the dashers which are secured to the shafts C, C, by means of set screws as shown so that they may be made permanent in different positions when desired. The cream is elevated by some of the dashers and depressed by others, and the angle at which either occurs may be changed by setting the dashers in different positions."

Use a 20-litre food-grade bucket as the churn A. Cut four hardwood strips a 20 mm wide and 320 long, tapered behind so their faces stand upright 125 mm from the centre against the sloping wall, and screw them inside from outside a quarter turn apart, 20 mm above the floor, sealing the screw holes. Cut a 12 mm HDPE lid with a 27 mm hole in the middle.

Plane a hardwood staff B 30 mm square and 325 mm long, with a 12 mm stainless pin 10 mm out of its foot, and turn its top 25 mm round for 45 mm above. Bore it 12.2 mm across 100 and 220 mm above its foot, the second at right angles to the first, and push a 12 mm stainless rod C 234 mm long through each. Slide a wing on each rod end and fix it with an M5 set screw: the lower pair turned 30 degrees one way, the upper pair 30 degrees the other. Pin a crank of mild steel flat bar, 108 mm throw, with a hardwood handle on the staff's top.

Pour about 12 litres of heavy cream at about 15 °C, checked with the thermometer, into the bucket, set the dasher's pin in the step and put on the lid. Turn the crank steadily, timing it. If the cream climbs too high or sits too still, loosen the set screws and change the wings' angles. When the butter comes, lift out the dasher, take out the butter, pour the buttermilk into a bowl, wash the butter in cold water until it runs clear, salt and weigh it.

**Wm. F. Armstrong** and **Morgan Payne** of Cardington, Morrow County, Ohio, US 32,814, 16 July 1861, "Churn". They claimed "the peculiar arrangement of the dashers or wings upon the shafts C, C". They do not say how the staff is worked; their drawing shows it stepped on a pin in the bottom, so ours is turned by a crank on its top. Their churn widened toward the bottom; ours, a bucket, widens toward the top. The patent gives no sizes; every size here is ours.