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Alumina: Alum Precipitated with Water of Ammonia and Calcined, Ure 1839
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Alumina: Alum Precipitated with Water of Ammonia and Calcined, Ure 1839

Alum is the earth of clay, alumina, joined to sulphuric acid and potash. Andrew Ure (1839): drop a weak alum solution into water of ammonia and a bulky white earth falls; washed, it is pure alumina hydrate. Calcined hot, it gives up its water and leaves alumina. Strong ammonia stings the eyes and lungs: work in the open with goggles. The picture: aluminium oxide on a watch glass.
Hagati
Three days

Amabwiriza

1

Dissolve the alum

Dissolve the alum in twenty times its weight of water (step 5).

Ibikoresho by'iyi ntambwe:

Alumu (Alumu ya Potasiyumu)Alumu (Alumu ya Potasiyumu)500 g

Ibikoresho bikenewe:

Amazi YatunganyijweAmazi Yatunganyijwe
Umunzani w'ibiroUmunzani w'ibiro
Inkono NiniInkono Nini
Akati k'Ikirahure ko KuvangaAkati k'Ikirahure ko Kuvanga
2

Precipitate

Outdoors, drop the alum solution slowly into water of ammonia, stirring, until the ammonia is nearly but not quite used up (red litmus barely turns blue). A bulky white earth falls.

Ibikoresho bikenewe:

Umuti wa amoniyake wa 25-28 %Umuti wa amoniyake wa 25-28 %
Igikombe cya BorosilikateIgikombe cya Borosilikate
Akati k'Ikirahure ko KuvangaAkati k'Ikirahure ko Kuvanga
Urupapuro rwa litimusiUrupapuro rwa litimusi
Amadarubindi yo Kwirinda IbinyabutabireAmadarubindi yo Kwirinda Ibinyabutabire
Uturindantoki tw'ikawusuUturindantoki tw'ikawusu
3

Wash and dry

Let it settle, pour off the liquid, and wash the earth several times with clean water on a cloth. Dry it.

Ibikoresho bikenewe:

Umwenda (wo Kuyungurura)Umwenda (wo Kuyungurura)
Amazi YatunganyijweAmazi Yatunganyijwe
Inkono NiniInkono Nini
Amadarubindi yo Kwirinda IbinyabutabireAmadarubindi yo Kwirinda Ibinyabutabire
Uturindantoki tw'ikawusuUturindantoki tw'ikawusu
4

Calcine

Pack the dry earth in a fireclay crucible and heat it in the furnace to about 1000 °C, checked with the pyrometer, for some hours. Cool, grind and keep the white alumina in a closed jar.

Ibikoresho bikenewe:

Ikirahure cy'Ibumba Rirwanya UmuriroIkirahure cy'Ibumba Rirwanya Umuriro
Itanura ry'amakaraItanura ry'amakara
AmakaraAmakara
PirometeroPirometero
Amakoro y'Icyombo GishongeshaAmakoro y'Icyombo Gishongesha
Uturindantoki two gukomeza ibyumaUturindantoki two gukomeza ibyuma
Isekuru n'UmuhiniIsekuru n'Umuhini
Icupa ry'IkirahureIcupa ry'Ikirahure
5

Earth from your alum

Gupakira ikaye ya Jupyter…

Ibikoresho

1

Ibikoresho bikenewe

18

Iki gishushanyo gikora

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Agateganyo

Ifu ya alumine (oksidi ya alumini)

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Potash Alum from Alum Shale

Potash Alum from Alum Shale

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Water of Ammonia from Sal Ammoniac and Lime, Ure 1839
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Water of Ammonia from Sal Ammoniac and Lime, Ure 1839

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