UBUHANZI
UBWIZA N'UBUZIMA
UBUKORIKORI
UMUCO N'AMATEKA
IMYIDAGADURO
IBIDUKIKIJE
IBIRIBWA N'IBINYOBWA
UBWUBATSI BUSUBIRA INYUMA
UBUMENYI
SIPORO
IKORANABUHANGA
IBYAMBARWA
Glycerin from Candle-Works Sweet Water: Cap's Process
The sweet water washed out of lime soap in the stearin candle works holds the fat's glycerin, with lime and fatty traces. Cap's process, given in Muspratt's Chemistry (1860), turns it into glycerin: the lime is thrown down as sulfate with sulfuric acid, the liquor is boiled down out of contact with the air, neutralised with chalk, filtered, cleared with bone black and concentrated to a colourless syrup of about 51° Twaddell.
Hejuru
Several days
Amabwiriza
1
1
Boil down the sweet water
Boil down the sweet water
Reduce the glycerin water drawn off from the lime soap by evaporation over a fire.
Ibikoresho by'iyi ntambwe:
Amazi ya girisiroli1 as required
Amakara y'amabuye ya bitumine1 as requiredIbikoresho bikenewe:
Isafuriya yo kumisha
Itanura ry'amatafari2
2
Find how much lime it holds
Find how much lime it holds
Measure out a known volume, precipitate its lime with oxalate of ammonia, collect the precipitate, dry it, burn it and weigh it. From that, work out how much sulfuric acid will just combine with all the lime.
Ibikoresho bikenewe:
Okisalati ya amoniyumu
Urupapuro rwo Kuyungurura
Ikirahure cy'Ibumba Rirwanya Umuriro
Umunzani w'ibiro3
3
Throw the lime down with sulfuric acid
Throw the lime down with sulfuric acid
Add that amount of sulfuric acid. Sulfate of lime falls. Let it settle and decant the clear liquid into another vessel.
Ibikoresho by'iyi ntambwe:
Asidi ya sulifurike1 as requiredIbikoresho bikenewe:
Igikonjo
Amadarubindi yo Kwirinda Ibinyabutabire
Uturindantoki tw'ikawusu4
4
Boil it out of contact with air, to 14° Twaddell
Boil it out of contact with air, to 14° Twaddell
Boil the liquid in a covered vessel, kept stirred, so the air cannot reach it. The boiling drives off volatile fatty impurities and the liquid loses colour and smell. At 14° Twaddell let it cool: more sulfate of lime falls.
Ibikoresho by'iyi ntambwe:
Amakara y'amabuye ya bitumine1 as requiredIbikoresho bikenewe:
Igikonjo
Ikiyiko kinini cy'igitiItanura ry'amatafari
Igipima ubwuzuzanye bw'amazi5
5
Neutralise any excess acid with chalk
Neutralise any excess acid with chalk
Test with litmus. If the liquid is acid, add powdered chalk or limestone a little at a time until it is neutral.
Ibikoresho by'iyi ntambwe:
Karubonate ya Kalisiyumu - Ibuye Ry'Isarabwayi Rimenaguritse1 as requiredIbikoresho bikenewe:
Urupapuro rwa litimusiIkiyiko kinini cy'igiti6
6
Boil on to 37.5° and filter
Boil on to 37.5° and filter
Boil again out of contact with air, stirring actively, to 37.5° Twaddell. Collect the sulfate and carbonate of lime on a filter.
Ibikoresho by'iyi ntambwe:
Amakara y'amabuye ya bitumine1 as requiredIbikoresho bikenewe:
IgikonjoIkiyiko kinini cy'igitiItanura ry'amatafariIgipima ubwuzuzanye bw'amazi
Akayunguruzo7
7
Reduce to 49°, filtering again if needed
Reduce to 49°, filtering again if needed
Evaporate the filtrate, keeping it well agitated, until on cooling it marks 49° Twaddell. If more sulfate of lime falls, filter again.
Ibikoresho by'iyi ntambwe:
Amakara y'amabuye ya bitumine1 as requiredIbikoresho bikenewe:
Isafuriya yo kumishaItanura ry'amatafariIgipima ubwuzuzanye bw'amaziAkayunguruzo8
8
Clear it through bone black
Clear it through bone black
Pass it through washed animal charcoal (bone black) to take out the tinge. It comes through as a colourless solution of about 45° Twaddell.
Ibikoresho bikenewe:
Umukara w'amagufwaAkayunguruzo9
9
Concentrate to 51° Twaddell
Concentrate to 51° Twaddell
Concentrate it carefully, driving off about a quarter of its weight of water, until the syrupy liquid reads 51.2° Twaddell. Store it closed.
Ibikoresho by'iyi ntambwe:
Amakara y'amabuye ya bitumine1 as requiredIbikoresho bikenewe:
Isafuriya yo kumishaItanura ry'amatafariIgipima ubwuzuzanye bw'amazi10
10
Cap's readings as specific gravity
Cap's readings as specific gravity
Gupakira ikaye ya Jupyter…
11
11
Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting
Glycerin troubleshooting.
Flow
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12
12
History and honest limits
History and honest limits
Muspratt (1860) gives Cap's process alongside the older lead-plaster method (olive oil and litharge, the lead removed with hydrogen sulfide). He quotes Wilson that Cap's glycerin, though better than the old product, is not absolutely pure. Bone black is used here as a filter that clears the colour; it is not part of the glycerin. The Twaddell-to-specific-gravity conversion is the standard definition of the scale.
Ibikoresho
4- 1 as requiredUmwanya
- 1 as requiredUmwanya
- 1 as requiredUmwanya
- Umwanya
Ibikoresho bikenewe
14- Umwanya
- Umwanya
- Umwanya
- Umwanya
- Umwanya
- Umwanya
- Umwanya
- Umwanya
- Umwanya
- Umwanya
- Umwanya
- Umwanya
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