Gukura potash mu ivu ry'inkwi — Ikinyabutabire cya alkali cyihishe muri buri muriro

Potasiyumu (K, ikinyabutabire cya 19) iri mu Itsinda rya 1 (ubutare bwa alkali), Igihe cya 4 cy'imbonerahamwe y'ibinyabutabire. Ifite uburemere bwa atome bwa 39.098 n'imiterere ya elegitoroni [Ar] 4s¹. Nk'ubutare bwose bwa alkali, ifite elegitoroni imwe ya valanse iha abandi byoroshye, bigatuma ikora vuba cyane. Ubutare busukuye bufite ibara ryera rya feza, bworoshye ku buryo bukatwa n'icyuma cyo gusiga amavuta (ubukomere bwa Mohs 0.4), kandi bufite ubucucike bwa 0.862 g/cm³ — ubutare bwa kabiri bworoheje nyuma ya litiyumu. Bushonga kuri 63.5 °C gusa (146 °F).

Potasiyumu ikorana n'amazi mu buryo bukaze: 2K + 2H₂O → 2KOH + H₂↑. Gazi ya hidorojeni yaka yonyine, igashya n'ikibatsi cy'ibara ry'isine rito kidasanzwe. Iyi reyakisiyo ni yo ituma ubutare bwa potasiyumu bugomba kubikwa mu mavuta y'amabuye cyangwa muri gazi idakora — ntibushobora kubaho ari ubutare mu bidukikije. Mu gikonoshwa cy'Isi, potasiyumu iboneka gusa nka iyoni K⁺ mu mabuye nka feldspar (KAlSi₃O₈), muscovite (KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂) na sylvite (KCl). Ibimera byinjiza K⁺ bivuye mu butaka binyuze mu mizi; iyo inkwi zihiye, potasiyumu isigara mu ivu nka potasiyumu karubonate (K₂CO₃).

Hitamo ibiti bikomeye: oak, beech, elm, maple cyangwa ash. Ibiti bikomeye ni byo byari inkwi za potash za kera mu Burayi no muri Amerika y'igihe cy'ubukoloni; ibiti byoroshye nka pinusi, spruce na fir bisiga ivu rike. Ingano ya alkali iri mu ivu itandukana cyane bitewe n'ubwoko bw'igiti, ingano y'ibishishwa n'uduti duto, n'ubutaka igiti cyakuriyemo, bityo witondere umubare uwo ari wo wose wonyine maze usuzume ivu ryawe ukoresheje ibizamini byo ku ntambwe ya 11 n'iya 12.

Inkwi zigomba kuba zumye neza (zumishijwe n'umwuka nibura amezi 6). Inkwi mbisi zipfusha ubusa ingufu mu kumisha amazi kandi ntizishya neza, zigasiga ivu ry'ikijuju rivanze n'amakara aho gusiga ivu ryererutse rikenewe kugira ngo kuyungurura bigende neza.

Cana umuriro mu rwobo rw'umuriro rukingiye — imvura yatwara potasiyumu ishonga mbere y'uko uyikusanya. Twika ibiti bikomeye mu muriro ushyushye kandi uhumeka neza. Ongeraho inkwi buhoro buhoro, ureke buri gice gihire kirangire mbere yo kongeraho izindi. Umuriro ushyushye ufite umwuka mwiza utanga ivu ryera cyangwa ry'ikijuju cyerurutse; umuriro ucumba utanga ivu ryirabura ryuzuyemo karubone itahiye, ridafite akamaro kanini.

Komeza utwike kugeza ukusanyije ivu ryinshi — nibura litiro 20-30 kugira ngo ubone umusaruro ufatika. Reka umuriro uhire burundu ube ivu; kuramo ibice binini by'amakara bitahiye burundu. Inkwi zisiga nk'ivu igice gito cyane cy'uburemere bwazo, bityo iyo ngano isaba inkwi nyinshi cyane — zirenze kure umuriro umwe wa nimugoroba; maker benshi bakusanya ivu ry'amashyiga cyangwa ry'urwobo rw'umuriro mu gihembwe cyose.

Reka ivu rikonje nibura amasaha 24, kandi uriyuzuze ushaka amakara akiri kwaka mbere yo kurimura: ivu rishobora guhisha amakara akiri kwaka iminsi myinshi. Ivu rishyushye rishobora gutera ubushye bukomeye, rigashongesha pulasitiki kandi rigatera inkongi. Nirimara gukonja iyo urikozeho, rikuremo ukoresheje igitiyo cyangwa ikiyiko by'icyuma urishyire mu ndobo y'icyuma yumye. Rinda ivu kutanyagirwa — imvura niritose mbere yo kurikusanya, igice kinini cya K₂CO₃ ishonga kizinjira mu butaka gitakare.

Nyuza ivu ryakonje mu kayunguruzo gafite imyobo minini (imyobo ya mm 5-10) kugira ngo utandukanye ivu rinoze n'ibice by'amakara, imisumari, amabuye n'uduce tw'inkwi tutahiye. Ifu nziza yera cyangwa y'ikijuju cyerurutse ihitamo ni yo bikoresho byawe bikungahaye kuri potash. Ibice by'amakara bisigaye mu kayunguruzo bishobora kubikwa ngo bikoreshwe ibindi (ibicanwa, kuyungurura amazi, kunoza ubutaka) ariko birimo potasiyumu nke cyane ishobora gukurwamo.

Koresha ingunguru y'igiti cyangwa indobo nini ifite umwobo hafi y'indiba. Shyira mu ndiba urwego runini (cm 5-8) rw'ibyatsi byumye cyangwa ubwatsi bwumye — bikora nk'akayunguruzo kugira ngo ivu rinoze ridafunga umwobo wo gusohokeramo kandi ntirijye mu mazi y'ivu. Ibyatsi bigomba kuba bisukuye kandi byumye. Shyira ingunguru hejuru y'ahantu hazamuye (amabuye, amatafari cyangwa igitereko cy'igiti) kugira ngo indobo yakira ijye munsi y'umwobo.

Ingunguru z'ibiti ni zo za kera; amazi y'ivu yangiza aluminiyumu, zinc na tin, naho icyuma n'ibyuma bitagwa ingese birabyihanganira. Niba ukoresha indobo ya pulasitiki, reba ko ari HDPE (nimero yo gutunganya bundi bushya 2), ihanganira ibisubizo bya alkali.

Uzuza ingunguru ivu ryera ryayunguruwe, urikanda mu nzego. Kanda buri rwego buhoro — niba ridakanze bihagije, amazi anyura mu miyoboro atashongesheje K₂CO₃ nyinshi; niba rikanze cyane, amazi ntazinjiramo na gato. Uzuza ingunguru kugeza hasigaye cm 10 ngo igere ku munwa, usige umwanya w'amazi uzasuka hejuru. Ingunguru irimo litiro 25-30 z'ivu ryumye ni ingano nziza yo gukoreraho.

Suka amazi yoroshye buhoro hejuru y'ivu rikanze. Amazi y'imvura ni meza cyane: ntagira hafi ya kalisiyumu cyangwa manyeziyumu ishonze, zakorana na karubonate zikagwa hasi nk'urugariko. Amazi yinjira hasi anyura mu ivu, ashongesha potasiyumu karubonate (K₂CO₃) ishonga ndetse na potasiyumu sulfate (K₂SO₄) na potasiyumu kolorude (KCl) nke. Ubu buryo bwitwa kuyungurura (lixiviation).

Suka make make maze ureke acengere. Nusuka vuba cyane, amazi anyura mu miyoboro atakoze ku ivu rihagije. Amazi atonyanga hasi ni amazi y'ivu (igisubizo cya potash), afite ibara ry'ikigina bitewe n'ibinyabutabire bikomoka ku binyabuzima bishonzemo.

Amazi y'ikigina ava mu ngunguru ni amazi yawe y'ivu mbisi — igisubizo cya alkali cya potasiyumu karubonate mu mazi. Yakire mu ndobo isukuye (y'igiti, pulasitiki ya HDPE cyangwa icyuma — ntuzigere ukoresha aluminiyumu, zinc cyangwa tin, amazi y'ivu yangiza). Amazi ya mbere ni yo akomeye kurusha ayandi; asukwa nyuma agenda arushaho kuba make ubukana uko ivu rigenda ribura potasiyumu ishonga.

UMUTEKANO: Ambara ibirinda amaso n'uturindantoki iyo ukoresha amazi y'ivu. Amazi y'ivu ya potash ni alkali ikaze (akenshi pH 11-13) kandi atera ubushye bw'ibinyabutabire ku ruhu no mu maso. Niyakoraho uruhu cyangwa akajya mu jisho, hita woza n'amazi menshi asukuye atemba nibura iminota 15, kandi ujye kwa muganga niba ari mu jisho. Ntugashyire vinaigre cyangwa izindi aside mu jisho; gira indobo y'amazi asukuye hafi yawe.

Ongera usuke amazi y'ivu wakiriye mu ngunguru imwe y'ivu ubwa kabiri n'ubwa gatatu. Buri gusuka gushongesha K₂CO₃ nyinshi kurushaho, bigatuma ubukana bwiyongera. Cyangwa usuke amazi y'ivu y'ingunguru ya mbere mu ngunguru ya kabiri irimo ivu rishya. Abakoraga potash kera bakunze gukoresha urukurikirane rw'ingunguru zikurikirana, banyuza amazi y'ivu mu ivu rigenda rirushaho kuba rishya kugira ngo akomere mbere yo kuyumisha — ibyo byabarinze gupfusha ubusa ibicanwa kuko guteka byatangiraga n'amazi y'ivu yamaze gukomera.

Injiza isonga ry'ibaba mu mazi y'ivu. Iki ni ikizamini cya kera cy'abakora isabune: amazi y'ivu akomeye bihagije ngo akore isabune agaragara arya utwoya tw'ibaba, kuko keratine isenyuka muri alkali ikaze. Ni ikizamini gikomeye kidasobanura neza kandi cy'imiterere gusa — kikubwira niba amazi y'ivu akomeye, si urugero rw'ubukana bwayo. Niba ibaba ridahindutse, amazi y'ivu ntakomeye bihagije kandi akeneye kongera kunyura mu ivu rishya cyangwa kumishwa gato mbere yo gutekwa.

Shyira buhoro igi rishya kandi risukuye mu mazi y'ivu. Iki na cyo ni ikizamini cya kera: iyo amazi y'ivu yamaze gukomera bihagije, igi rireremba igice cy'igishishwa kingana n'igiceri kigaragara hejuru y'amazi. Niba igi ririgise, amazi y'ivu akeneye kongera gukomezwa — yanyuze mu ivu ryinshi kurushaho cyangwa utangire kuyumisha mbere kugira ngo ingano igabanuke. Amagi ahindura ubucucike uko amara iminsi, bityo ukoreshe irishya kandi ufate ibisubizo nk'icyerekezo.

Imurira amazi y'ivu akomeye mu nkono nini y'icyuma gikomeye (cast iron). Icyuma cyihanganira amazi y'ivu ya potash, naho aluminiyumu irashonga vuba muri yo, zinc na tin bikangirika — bityo ukoreshe icyuma. Inkono nini z'icyuma za potash zari ibikoresho bisanzwe by'ubucuruzi bwa potash mu kinyejana cya 18 n'icya 19. Inkono ni yo yaduhaye iryo jambo: "pot-ash" ni ibisigara bisa n'ivu bisigara mu nkono nyuma y'uku kumisha.

Shyira inkono y'icyuma ku muriro uhamye maze uteke amazi y'ivu ahore abira cyane. Komeza ubushyuhe budahinduka — nibwinshi cyane, amazi y'ivu aratumbagira mu buryo buteye akaga; nibuke cyane, kumisha bitwara igihe kirekire cyane. Uko amazi agenda ahinduka umwuka, amazi y'ivu yijima kandi akabyimba. Ongeraho amazi y'ivu uvanye mu yo wabitse uko ingano igabanuka, ugumishe inkono yuzuye nko ku gice. Ku ngano nini, bisaba amasaha menshi yo guteka ubudahagarara.

UMUTEKANO: Amazi y'ivu abira aratumbagira, kandi ibitonyanga n'igihu cyayo birarya. Korera hanze cyangwa ahantu hahumeka neza cyane. Ambara ibirinda amaso n'uturindantoki tubyibushye. Ntukigere usiga inkono y'amazi y'ivu abira nta muntu uyireba.

Uko amazi ahinduka umwuka, amazi ahinduka umutsima w'ikigina cyijimye usa n'isukari yatetswe. Gabanya umuriro kugira ngo udashya. Vanga rimwe na rimwe ukoresheje inkoni ndende y'icyuma cyangwa ingashya y'igiti (ingashya izagenda ishya buhoro ariko ikora igihe gito). Iyo umutsima ubyibushye ku buryo ikiyiko ukinyujijemo gisiga umurongo wisubiranya buhoro, kumisha kuba kugiye kurangira. Muri iki gihe, umutsima ni "umunyu wirabura" mbisi — uruvange rwa K₂CO₃ n'ibisigazwa by'ibinyabuzima, potasiyumu sulfate n'andi mabuye y'agaciro yo mu ivu.

Imurira umutsima ubyibushye mu gikoresho cy'icyuma kidakoboye cyangwa uwusanze ku buso bw'icyuma buringaniye. Ushyushye ku muriro ukaze kugeza wakaye umutuku utagaragara cyane (hafi 600-700 °C). Ibinyabutabire bikomoka ku binyabuzima biha umunyu mbisi ibara ryijimye bishya bikaba dioxyde de carbone n'umwuka w'amazi, hagasigara potash mbisi y'ibara ryera ry'ikijuju. Kera, umunyu wirabura washongeshejwe mu nkono nini wagurishwaga nka potash, naho uwokejwe mu itanura kugira ngo ibinyabuzima bishye wavagamo wera kurushaho ukagurishwa nka pearl ash. Vanga rimwe na rimwe kugira ngo ubushyuhe bugere hose kimwe. Ntukarenge umutuku ukaze: potasiyumu karubonate ishonga hafi 890 °C, maze umunyu wakwifatanya ukaba ibuye rikomeye rigoye gukoresha.

Kura igikoresho ku muriro maze ureke potash ikonje burundu — amasaha menshi mu mwuka utuje. Ibivamo ni potash mbisi: ifu yera y'ikijuju ya potasiyumu karubonate (K₂CO₃) irimo imyanda nka potasiyumu sulfate (K₂SO₄), potasiyumu kolorude (KCl), silice n'andi mabuye mato cyane. Iyi potash mbisi ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ifumbire, nk'ikiyengesha mu gukora ibirahure no gukora isabune idakeneye kongera gusukurwa. Ibike mu gikoresho cyumye gifunze neza — K₂CO₃ ikurura ubuhehere bw'umwuka, igahinduka ikintu gitose gifatana.

Kugira ngo ubone potasiyumu karubonate yera kurushaho kandi isukuye kurushaho, shongesha potash mbisi mu mazi ashyushye, hanyuma uyiyungurure mu gitambaro cyoroshye kugira ngo ukuremo imyanda idashonga (silice, kalisiyumu karubonate, oxyde z'icyuma). Ibyayunguruwe biracyarimo indi myunyu ishonga, cyane cyane potasiyumu sulfate na potasiyumu kolorude, bityo birasukuye kurushaho ariko si K₂CO₃ isukuye burundu. Umisha igisubizo buhoro mu nkono y'icyuma kugeza cyumye. Ifu yera ivamo yegereye pearl ash yo mu bucuruzi bwo mu kinyejana cya 18: potasiyumu karubonate isukuye yakoreshwaga mu birahure byiza, nk'umusemburo mu gukora imigati (mbere ya baking soda) no mu butabire. Pearl ash yagurishwaga ihenze kurusha potash mbisi.

Potash ifitanye isano n'amashami hafi ya yose y'ikoranabuhanga rya kera. Isabune: amazi y'ivu ya potash atetswe hamwe n'ibinure atanga isabune yoroshye; abakora isabune bakunze kongera ingwa yazimijwe (slaked lime) mu mazi y'ivu kugira ngo bahindure igice cya karubonate kibe potasiyumu hidorogisidi ikaze kurushaho. Isabune ikomeye yo yakorwaga na soda ivuye mu ivu ry'ibimera. Ikirahure: potash ikora nk'ikiyengesha, ituma ikirahure gishongeshwa ku bushyuhe buri hasi cyane y'aho silice isukuye ishongera (hafi 1700 °C). "Ikirahure cyo mu ishyamba" (Waldglas) cyo mu Burayi bw'Amajyaruguru cyakoreshaga potash y'ivu ry'inkwi; ikirahure cyo ku Nyanja ya Mediterane cyakoreshaga soda (Na₂CO₃), ivuye kuri natron mu bihe bya kera nyuma ikava mu ivu ry'ibimera byo ku nkombe byihanganira umunyu. Baruti: salpêtre (KNO₃) yavaga mu mirima ya nitre, aho ibinyabuzima biboze na bagiteri zo mu butaka byakoraga nitrate, ahanini kalisiyumu nitrate. Amazi arimo nitrate yayungururwaga muri iyo mirima yahitaga anyuzwa mu ivu ry'inkwi cyangwa akavangwa na potash, yahinduraga kalisiyumu nitrate ikaba potasiyumu nitrate, kalisiyumu ikagwa hasi ari karubonate. Ubuhinzi: potasiyumu ni kimwe mu bitunga-bimera bitatu by'ingenzi muri gahunda y'ifumbire N-P-K. Buri muriro wakaga mu murima w'umuhinzi wasubizaga potasiyumu mu butaka kera cyane mbere y'uko hagira umenya impamvu.

Kuva ku izina ry'icyarabu al-qalī kugeza ku byishimo bya Humphry Davy mu 1807, amateka ya potasiyumu anyura mu mateka y'ubutabire — ikintu cy'ingirakamaro kizwi mu myaka ibihumbi, cyatandukanyijwe nk'ubutare mu myaka isaga ibinyejana bibiri gusa ishize.