Mubakire Pendile y'i Foucault — Kugaragaza Gukanika Kwisi

Pendile ikira iteraki rihagarara ku mahoro ikazigira umwanya w'ikiwanika. Iri ni impinduza nzira y'amahoro ya Newtoni yambere. Iyo pendile ihitiriwe hejuru y'umwanya wakarika (Isi), umwanya wakarika hejuru y'ipendile na pendile ihagarara ihejuru. Kuva kumuhanda w'umenye arimo ku isi yakirikarika, indahiro y'ikiwanika cy'ipendile ikagaruka gato. Ku mahara y'amajyaruguru, umwanya w'ipendile ucakaryayo 360 digiri k'amarere mu gihe cy'amasaha 23 nimutwe 56 (umunsi w'inyenyeri). Mu mahara andi, umuvuko w'ikiwanika ni 360 × sin(latitude) digiri buri munsi.

Pendile y'i Foucault isaba gitonde kirekire cane kandi kigize ibisobanuro byiza. Ipendile izirwa nini, itajwe ry'ikiwanika ritajwe, umuvuko w'ingufu utajwe, n'ikiribarira kiraboneka. Ubwigire bunitsinze bwerewe ni metero imwe n'icyenda. Metero cumi kugeza makumyabiri ni neza. Shaka umwanya winyenyeri wajyaruguru: inzani y'amashanyalaze, idiyo y'imbuzi, idiyo y'iyumbu, igiti cyaruguru, cyangwa ceilling y'inzu nyinshi. Umwanya w'inyenyeri ugomba kuba wihariye wihariye. Ibihagarike cyangwa gukanika kumurire kukanika gacirwa ku mahare ariyo mahare y'i Foucault.

Ipebote ni ikintu cyamahare. Pendile y'i Foucault igomba kwekanika harshako mu mahara yose, rero ipebote ntigomba kugabanya umwanya w'ikiwanika. Inzani ihuza ku mahara yose (inzani ibiri z'amarere) cyangwa ipebote rimwe cya punto rikoze neza. Ipebote yikinini kandi yibihagaze ni inzani yumusi ikurura (inzani y'iyambere, icyenda 0,5-1 mm mu iteramo). Inzani yikinini ntishoza mahara yatunguwe kandi ishobora kukanika harshako mu mahara yose. Inzani igomba kumenyanywa munzani yihariye isangiranye ku mahara ya ceilling yihariye.

Inzani igomba kuba nyinshi cyane kugira ngo ikoresheke. Foucault yakoresheje kilo makumyabiri n'umunani. Inzani nyinshi irahura neza kugumira umwanya w'umwuka kandi ikira igihe. Korosha inzani y'ubwigire bwinjira: inzani nini y'impamvu cyangwa mpamvu y'impewo, gikoresho kijyunyunywe n'umwaku cyangwa kan kijyunyunywe n'ibigori. Inzani igomba kuba wese ni iceza icyerekezo kuri inzani y'inzani ya carrot. Iceza riyari rikanika cyangwa yagiye guhinduka kin y'ikiribarira. Ibweni cyangwa cylindre yizigira neza ikoze neza. Someka inzani ku nka niyo ya ceilling y'inzani.

Ku gitonde cy'ipendile, korosha inzani yihariye y'iyambere cyangwa gitonde cyihariye cane. Inzani igomba kuba ihariye neza kubera inzani hamwe n'ubwigire bwinjira (umfanomushe cumi), kikinini cyane kubwini gato hejuru y'ipebote, kandi ihariye cyane kutaguhinda. Ku kilo imwe kugeza cumi, inzani y'iyambere 0,5-1 mm ikasobanura. Akakera k'akakera kagomba kumenyanywa mu ipebote. Gukora ijoro rimaze ku inzani kandi rikaba mu nzani y'inzani y'inzani, kugirango rikira iceza ryuzuzu rikagaruke cyane kandi inzani irikesha i njye cyane.

Hasi y'ipendile, teka impongano yumwanya ku mahara kugaragaza indahiro y'ikiwanika cy'ipendile. Impongano y'ubwigire bweekiye metero imwe kugeza ibiri ikoze neza. Mereka impongano ku buri digiri imwe cyangwa cumi (0-360). Urashobora gukorosha impapuroihariye cyangwa kartoni, karamu irahishe ku mahara cyangwa impongano y'ibikoresho bikinini. Nka y'impongano igomba kuba munsi cyane ya ipebote. Korosha kompasi kugaragaza amajyaruguru anditsinda ku mpongano.

Ubwigire bwo kugutereka ni inyinza niyose. Pendile igomba kwekanika mu mahara imwe, si mu mpongano. Gukanika kumurire kukanika gukaga umwanya wimpongano wumurire kandi impongano ntiyifatanya n'ikintu cy'i Foucault, rero ihindura neza, igabanya impipimanya. Ku gitonde ciza: korosha gitonde cyihariye cyakuwe kuri nka nimwe, kuumanzi igihe igihagarike gicirwa, noneho surya gitonde hamwe n'itanda cyangwa icumu (cyangwa gusura cyiza). Iyi isuza inzani m'indahiro itambanyi. Foucault yenyine yakoresheje ubu bwigire bwo gusura gitonde mu 1851 i Parisi.

Nyuma yo kugutereka, reba indahiro y'ikiwanika bivuye ku mpongano y'i karamu. Andika indahiro y'ikiwanika buri munani kugeza mirongo itatu y'amasegonda. Mu mahara y'amajyaruguru makumyabiri na iishumi, umwanya w'ikiwanika wakarika k'amarere ku buri masaha liguthe gato digiri (360 × sin(50°) / 24 = digiri 11,49 ku masaha). Nyuma y'isaha rimwe, indahiro y'ikiwanika igomba guhinduka ku digiri cumi n'imwe. Nyuma y'amasaha atatu, ku digiri mirongo itatu na ine. Ikiwanika ni kikinini kandi kimenya. Iyi yerekana ko Isi ikarikarika hasi y'ipendile.

Niba pendile irahisha impongano mu rumwe rwa gitonde, gutereka ari kubi. Gerageza noneho hamwe na tekinike y'ubwigire bwo gusura gitonde. Niba umwanya w'ikiwanika wakarika gukaribarira cyane ubwigire bwo nambere ubwigire bwabyo, reba ikintu gatatu: udusasiro dw'inzani (dukaga precession y'indahiro y'ibigori), iponde cyangwa kugabanya mu ipebote (dukagabanya indahiro y'ikiwanika), cyangwa umwuka wuyaga (dukasukira inzani). Ikarito y'umwuka cyangwa inkuba zegeranyagiza ikintu cyarukiribarira kera ku kintu cy'i Foucault. Sirira pendile kuva ku mwuka wuyaga kandi kugirango kugirango ipebote niyose yiyubarire.

Ubwigire bwucumi: digiri ku masaha = 15 × sin(latitude). Ku nta mahara (0°), pendile ntiyakarika. Ku mahara 30 digiri yarikarika 7,5°/masaha. Ku 45 digiri yarikarika 10,6°/masaha. Ku 90 digiri (akanguruka) yarikarika 15°/masaha (imwe ikarika kumvuza). Gereza ikiwanika kirenzekazo hamwe n'ubwigire bwabyo ku mahara yabyo. Niba bihagaze mu mahare makali cyane, wasobanuye icyo Foucault cyeyekulije mu 1851. Iri ni icyubwenge cyiza, cyoroshye kandi cyoroshye cyo gukanika kwisi, kitasaba kintu gitari gitonde na gihudunya.