Ibihe by'Imbuto z'IntMember — Gukusanya n'Kumanira Imbuto z'Intember z'uSawudi

Isimu cy'intambwe (Phoenix dactylifera) ni kimwe mu mitambo mikoroshye ifite amasoko makuru mu isi, hamwe n'amateka y'ubwiyunge bugera kumagana 5000 mu mahanga y'Uburengerazuba. Irashobora kugera ku buhagarike bwa mitura 25 cyangwa hejuru kandi irarokoka imyaka 100 cyangwa hejuru. Isimu riribanza gutera imboga mu myaka 4-8 nyuma y'aho rwatajwe kandi rigera ku ntsinzi nzira mu myaka 15 kugera 50. Isimu nimbuto zirimo amashami y'ubwigeme arabyina — irakeneye isimu cy'ubwigeme cy'ubwigeme kuriniza isabikira. Isimu cy'intambwe kitagira impanuka gitanga igihé kigali gati 50 na 150 kilogiramu z'intambwe buri mwaka.

Ibinyabutaka byingenzi by'ibitunda bitera mu Sawudi Arabiya. Mu byingenzi bikennye: Al-Ajwa — ibitunda bigoramye binoze, bitera cyane i Medina, bifite imvururu itukuye kumbi kuri giharika. Al-Sukari — imwe mu moko yingenzi cyane y'ibitunda, ifite imvururu itukuye neza, itera cyane mu karere ca Qassim. Al-Khalasa — ibitunda bifite imvururu itukuye hagati, bikennye mu karere ca Al-Ahsa. Al-Barhi — biribwa mu mahoro ya khalal (icyatsi kitagiye kubyara) ndetse mu mahoro ya rutab na tamar. Al-Majdool — ibitunda binini, bifite inyama nyinshi, bikennye mu isi yose kubera ubwiyunge n'imiterere. Buri binyabutaka bifite igihe cyihariye cy'uko bibyara mu gihe cy'uko bibonereza kuva mu Mpuzi gis'i Ukwakira.

Ifunguro rihaguruka mu nzira enye: Ubwa mbere, inzira ya Kimri (Hababouk) — ifunguro ni kiraburanije, kidato, gikomeye kandi kitagwanagwa, kikunze iminsi 4-5. Ubwa kabiri, inzira ya Khalal (Biser) — ifunguro rigaruka ku mahoro yacyo yose, ibara ryacyo ari yellow cyangwa red zivuye ku bwoko, texture yacyo ni crispy, amategeko amwe nka Barhi araswa mu nzira iyi. Ubwa gatatu, inzira ya Rutab — ifunguro rigira soft mu gice, ibara ryacyo rihinduka gikomangoma, igiciro cy'ubwenge ciyiyongera. Ubwa kane, inzira ya Tamr — ifunguro rigaruka rwuzuzwa byose kandi rigwanyweho mu buryo bwacu, igiciro cy'amazi kiri munsi ya 20%, iyi ni nzira y'ingenzi yo gukusanya no kuzirikiza.

Igihe cyo gukura ibibyapenzi mu Saudi Arabia gikurura kuva Nyakanga kugeza Ugushyingo bivuye ku mwandiko n'akarere. Ubwoko bwa mbere nka Barhi bukurwa kuva Nyakanga, mugihe ubwoko bwa nyuma nka Khalas bukomeza kugeza Ugushyingo. Ibimenyetso by'igihe cyo gukura: ibara ry'ibibyapenzi rivutse ku burara, ubuharanira bw'imiterere, gukunanira kidogo k'uruhu, n'imiterere yoherezwa neza y'ibibyapenzi bivutse ku murongo iyo gigucwa. Nziza gukura mu gitondo cyo mbere mbere uko izuba ritambura ubushyuhe kugabanya ibyago ry'ibibyapenzi.

Umukokozi w'amata w'imboga akoresha icyugi cyo gukina kizwi nk'icyugi (habel) — imbbelt yakozwe mu mahoro ya palme cyangwa icyugi gihinga kihagarara mu muti na mubiri w'umukokozi kugira ngo ahamagare mu gihe cy'inyamaswa. Uburebure bw'icyugi bukunze kuba 3-4 mita. Icutari kizanye (saqour) nakiriko nk'imbikira yo gukata imera. Icyugi cyakwagirwa kubona neza mbere yo kubikoreshwa buri gihe — kugenzura niba haracitswe cyangwa niba harimo amacumbi. Umukokozi apfa impamba ndefu zo kuvirinda kuronda kwa gishanga kuri pahili y'imboga ya palme.

Umukokora atemberanye inzira y'i rope izunguruka itabi ry'igiti cy'indabbiloni no zunguruka inyuma ye ku mtwe. Abika maguru ye ku mahiga y'amashanyalaze atakashitse (amajwi) ashakira intambiko zabyite ku itabi. Arora mu mahoro — arangiza rope hanyuma akatembera hejuru — kugeza akagera hejuru y'igiti cy'indabbiloni aho ibyo bijumba-fruit bihagarambiye. Ubuhagarambiye burashobora kuva 15-20 mita cyangwa nkeya. Umukokora agomba kuba wakwiye — kugwa ni ikintu kibi cyane. Mu miryango ikoresheje tekinoroji, inzira y'i mechanical lifts ikoreshwa mu stadi y'inzira y'umuntu.

Uthq (plural: uthuq) ni imbumbe yuzuye y'amapeza ihagarara ku muti w'amapeza, ifite ubwiyunge buri 5 n'i 15 kilogiramu. Umuti umwe w'amapeza utanga amapeza ari 5 kugeza 20 uthuq. Umukozi akagata iciro cy'uthq hamwe n'icyuma kinini mu buryo bumwe. Uthq agomba gufatwa neza mbere yo gukata ngo atakwe n'agwa akomenya imbuto. Mu bantu bake b'ukulima, inzira ihuza uthq mbere yo gukata ngo iyoroshye ku muntu arindagiye hasi.

Nyuma y'gukata igiceri, gikubikwa neza ku nsi. Ubwenge bwa kera: umuntu wegukata igiceri akubikanya na rope akazi kandi akakubika mu buryo bunonotsi kumuntu arubatse hasi y'igiti cy'inkwali akamukira mu maboko atakura cyangwa mu karamu kinini. Kubyusha ibirego birikubakwa—gutsindagutsinda ku nsi bikomeretsa ibigwa kandi bigatuma biba byambaye fermentation na mold. Ibirego byagukatwe bivamo neza mu masanduku cyangwa mu karamu yishyirwa ku nganda nkuru mu nzira y'umwiriza. Umuntu wegukata igiceri kusubiranya inzira yo kumuntu ku buri giceri kiri ku igiti cy'inkwali mbere y'ukubuza.

Nyuma yo gukusanya nzira z'amakinyarwanda ku giti, amapepela athondekanywa mu rachis (imibare mike iri mu nzira) mu buryo bwiharura. Rachis irabazwa n'umwe mu maboko kandi amapepela atorwa neza n'umwe mu maboko. Amakinyarwanda makuru athondekanywa byoroshye. Amapepela aracyahuye cyane birashobora ko atari amakuru neza — ahiyamo kugira ngo akire byokwakira. Agomba gukoreshwa neza kugira ngo amaditsi ya pepela adatanzwe.

Itariki isigwa mu magrade atatu: Inzira ya mbere — imbuto zuzuye, zitagize, nini cyane hamwe n'ibara rimwe kandi bitagira ibibazo, byateguwe kugurisha mu mahoro. Inzira ya kabiri — imbuto ntoya cyangwa zifite ibidukikije bito mu buryo, bikwiranira kwicisha mu rugo cyangwa gukora ibiribwa. Inzira ya gatatu — imbuto zidakaye cyangwa zifite inzira cyangwa zabimenywe, zivuguruwe cyangwa zikoreshwa nk'ibiryo by'inyamaswa. Itariki iyo ari yo yose ifite ibimenyetso by'umukungugu cyangwa kunvura kwamatsi ivuguruwe.

Ibirago bicakurwa n'amazi maktiszta kugira ngo hacikwe uxinyi n'icyatsi. Ibirago bivugwa mu ndebe nini y'amazi makuru kandi bicikirana neza mugihe cy'iminota 2-3. Ibirago ntibikwikwa mugihe kirekire — amazi aparamo isukali y'imbere kandi yagira ingaruka ku buryo. Ibirago bikunagurika kandi bivugwa mu gitara kugira ngo bikagarukirwa mumagezi ibyakunze mugihe cy'iminota 30-60 mbere yo kwimura mu gahunda y'ukukagaruka. Abasarura bamwe batahura ibirago niba ari birambi kandi bitegurwa kugira ngo bikagaruke neza.

Tarehe zitengenezwa katika safu moja kwenye mats ya kumiza (jadi palm frond mats au hivi karibuni raised plastic nets juu ya ardhi). Zinakabiliwa na jua moja kwa moja katika mahali yenye upepo mzuri. Tarehe lazima zizungushwe mara moja au mara mbili kila siku ili kuhakikisha kumiza sawa. Mchakato wa kumiza kwa enerji ya jua unaendelea kwa wiki moja hadi wiki 3 kulingana na aina, joto, na unyevu. Tarehe zinafunikwa na mesh nzuri ili kuzilingia na wadudu na ndege. Lengo la muhimu wa unyevu ni chini ya 20%.

Nyuma y'uko kumanikwa kumaze, inzira y'iyigwa n'intatu isubirwamo. Intatu nziza z'amashanyalaze igomba kugira imyanda yihariye itari ni nzira cyangwa ni kubandi. Ibara riyohereza — rigomba kuba inzira imwe y'amahinda atarimo tindamutima cyangwa ibara ry'ibibazo. Imbuto zishyira mu cyiciro rumwe ihoraho n'ibara. Imyanda yohereza — ubuso bugomba kugira ingenzi nyinshi kandi sibigize cyane. Intatu z'ubwenge ziruta ubwenge cyane mugihe cyivuza imishora.

Amapulosi ahasize acanywamo mu nzira zitandukanye zikonje inyubako. Ku gisigara, abikonje mu mahina y'inkweto cyangwa iyiciro ryishyirahamwe n'amapapiro y'igiti cy'igiti. Mu gihe cakuri, gukoreshwa amakoperero y'ubwoko bwa plastike ifatika niba aracitse cyangwa amabage yashyirwamo mu ntakajoro. Agacikwa mu mahinda makira n'akatarambye — ubushyuhe bwa kamare (20-25 Celsius) bushingira mu maramuko amakemutse (amezi make). Mu maramuko maremare, gufatika umwanya umakira (0-5 Celsius) nubwoba bwiza, aho amapulosi ahora ashobora kwigwa kurukuruza umwaka. Umwete mu mahinda agacikwa ugomba guhabwa munsi ya 65% kugira ngo habuguze mushiro. Amapulosi ahasize neza (ubukali bwamaziwa munsi ya 20%) akaguma neza amezi make mu mahinda yakamukara.