Kubaka itanura rya bloomery no gushongesha icyuma — Igihe cy'Icyuma

Igishushanyo: Itanura rimeze nk'umuyoboro

Bloomery ni umuyoboro muremure urema inkingi igabanya — amabuye n'amakara bishyirwamo hejuru, umwuka ugahuhwa hasi, maze bloom y'icyuma ikegeranyirizwa hasi.

Ibipimo

• Uburebure: cm 80-120, ingano isanzwe ku matanura mato y'igerageza (umuyoboro muremure uha gazi igihe kinini cyo kugabanya amabuye)
• Umurambararo w'imbere: cm 25-35
• Ububyimba bw'urukuta: cm 10-15 (uruvange rw'ibumba n'umucanga, kimwe n'itanura)
• Tuyère (umuyoboro w'umwuka): umuyoboro w'ibumba ufite umwenge wa santimetero nkeya, winjira mu rukuta hafi y'hasi, hejuru y'urwobo rw'itanura, ugahengamira hasi werekeza hagati. Uburebure n'inguni bitandukana hagati y'ibishushanyo by'amatanura byageragejwe, bityo ubikure ku gishushanyo kimwe cyanditswe aho kuvanga imibare
• Umuryango wo gukuramo (si ngombwa): umwenge uri hasi wo gukuramo bloom, ufungwa n'ibumba mu gihe cyo gushongesha

Kubaka

1. Kora hasi h'ibumba hazengurutse hafite urwobo rugufi rumeze nk'igikombe (urwobo rw'itanura). Aha ni ho bloom ikorerwa.
2. Koresha uburyo bwo kuzinga ibumba (coil) bwo muri Blueprint 02, ubuzamura cyane.
3. Shyiramo tuyère (umuyoboro w'ibumba) unyuze mu rukuta ku burebure igishushanyo wahisemo kigena, hejuru y'urwobo.
4. Reka ryume mu minsi myinshi kugeza ku cyumweru cyangwa kirenga, bitewe n'ikirere. Bloomery irabyibushye kurusha itanura, ikenera igihe kirekire cyo kuma.
5. Rikomeze ukoresheje imiriro igenda irushaho gushyuha (uburyo bumwe n'ubwo muri Blueprint 02).

Gutegura amabuye

1. Tekesha amabuye mu muriro ufunguye amasaha make. Ibi bikuramo ubuhehere n'igice cy'imyanda, bigahindura oxyde zirimo amazi, kandi bigatuma amabuye akomeye yoroha kumenagura.
2. Menagura amabuye yatekeshejwe agere ku bunini bw'agahuza (hazelnut) (cm 1-2). Si akantu gato cyane — umwuka ugomba kunyuramo.
3. Oza amabuye yamenaguwe kugira ngo ukuremo ibumba n'imyanda yoroheje.

Ishongesha (amasaha 6-10)

1. Gushyushya mbere: Uzuza bloomery amakara y'inkwi maze uyacane. Reka yake hamwe n'imivuba (bellows) hafi isaha imwe, wongeramo amakara, kugeza umuyoboro wose ushyushye.
2. Ishyirwamo rya mbere: Shyiramo igice cy'amakara gipimwe, hanyuma hejuru yacyo igice cy'amabuye gipimwe. Pima ibyo ushyiramo aho kugenekereza ku bubyimba bw'ibice: mu ishongesha ryose, amakara n'amabuye bikoreshwa mu buremere bungana hafi, kandi amakara atuma aho hantu hakomeza kugabanya.
3. Gukomeza gushyiramo: Buri gihe inkingi imaze kumanuka ingana n'igice kimwe, ongeraho hejuru ikindi gice cy'amakara hanyuma amabuye.
4. Imivuba — NTA GUHAGARARA: Abantu babiri basimburana, cyangwa umuvuba ukora mu byerekezo bibiri. Umwuka ntugomba guhagarara: nta mwuka uhuhwa, itanura rikonja vuba.
5. Gusohora slag: Slag yashonze (ikirahure cyashonze kuri ~1200 °C) yegerana hejuru ya bloom. Niba itanura rifite umwenge wo gusohora, uwufungure buri gihe ngo slag isohoke. Niba ritawufite, slag iguma mu rwobo, bityo urwobo rugomba kuba rurerure bihagije kugira ngo slag itazamuka ikagera kuri tuyère igafunga umwuka.
6. Igihe: amasaha 6-10 y'akazi kadahagarara. Ishongesha rirangira umaze gutunganya amabuye yawe yose.

Ibiba imbere

Fe₂O₃ + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO₂    (kuri ~800-1200 °C)

Monoxyde de carbone (ivuye mu makara) igabanya oxyde y'icyuma ikaba icyuma cy'ubutare. Ariko bitandukanye n'umuringa, icyuma ntigishonga na rimwe — kigaragara nk'uduce dukomeye twifatanya tukaba ikibumbe gifite utwobo (bloom) kiri mu kidendezi cya slag yashonze.

Gukuramo bloom

1. Kuramo bloom ku mpera y'ishongesha igihe ikiri ku bushyuhe bwo gusudira; ni bwo byoroshye kuyikomeza ako kanya, kandi ishobora kongera gushyushywa nyuma.
2. Niba ufite umuryango wo gukuramo: menagura ifunga ry'ibumba maze ukurure bloom ukoresheje ifata.
3. Niba nta muryango: menagura igice cyo hasi cy'itanura kugira ngo ukuremo bloom. (Itanura rishobora gutakazwa — amatanura menshi ya bloomery ya kera yakoreshwaga rimwe gusa.)

Ibyo ukwiye kubona

Ikibumbe gikakaye gifite utwobo — ku ishongesha rito, akenshi kingana na pomelo nini (grapefruit) — gifite ibara ry'ikigina gitukura kugeza ku kijuju cyijimye, kimeze nka eponji, gifite slag imeze nk'ikirahure ifatiwe hose. Iyi ni yo bloom yawe.

Gukomeza (Intambwe y'ingenzi)

Bloom mbisi yuzuyemo slag, uduce tw'amakara n'ibyuho. Igomba gukubitwa inyundo igishyushye kugira ngo imyanda ikamurwe maze uduce tw'icyuma dusudirwe hamwe:

1. Kora kuri bloom ku bushyuhe bwo gusudira — umuhondo ucyeye kugeza ku mweru w'umuhondo — uyongere gushyushya mu ruganda rw'umucuzi buri gihe ikonje.
2. Yishyire ku ibuye ry'umucuzi (anvil) maze utangire ukubita buhoro: bloom ikivamo iroroshye kumeneka kandi ishobora gusenyuka. Kubita cyane uko igenda ifatana — slag isohoka nk'ibishashi n'ibitonyanga. Ni ibintu bitangaje kandi biteje akaga; ambara ibirinda amaso kandi ushyire abareba kure.
3. Imaze gukomera, yikate, uyizinge kandi wongere uyisudire kugira ngo irusheho gusukurwa. Tegereza gushyushya inshuro nyinshi.
4. Buri gusudira gufunga ibyuho byinshi kandi gusohora slag nyinshi.
5. Nyuma yo gukomeza, uba ufite inkoni mbisi y'icyuma gicuzwe (wrought iron).

Urunigi rw'ubuvumbuzi rwuzuye

Ubu wakurikiye inzira kuva ku giti → amakara y'inkwi → itanura → umuringa → umuringa w'umuhondo (bronze) → icyuma. Buri ntambwe yubakiye ku yayibanjirije. Buri imwe yasabye ubumenyi bwagiye bwiyongera. Uko ni ko ubuvumbuzi bukora — si nk'ibivumbuwe byitaruye, ahubwo ni nk'urunigi ruhuriweho aho buri bushobozi butuma ubukurikira bushoboka.

Ibikurikiraho

Icyuma cyawe cya bloom kirakora ariko kiroroshye. Ubuvumbuzi bukurikiraho mu runigi:

• Kongeramo karubone (carburization): funika icyuma mu makara ugishyushye amasaha menshi → karubone yinjiramo → ibyuma bikomeye (steel)
• Kuzimya (quenching): shyushya steel kugeza itukura, uyinike mu mazi → martensite irakorwa → irakomera cyane ariko ivunika vuba
• Koroshya (tempering): ongera ushyushye steel yazimijwe ku bushyuhe bwagenwe (ibara ry'ubururu rya tempering riri hafi 300 °C) → itakaza gato ubukomere igahabwa ubudahangarwa bwinshi cyane
• Gusudira kw'ibishushanyo (pattern welding): zinga maze usudire hamwe steel zifite karubone zitandukanye → steel isudiwe ifite ibishushanyo (akenshi yitwa nabi "Damascus")

Buri kimwe muri ibyo kizaba blueprint izaza mu Nzira y'Ubuvumbuzi.