Gukanya ry'Ibumba n'Iterambere - Ubuhinzi bw'Ibumba bya Gujarat

Cotton (Gossypium) ni igihinguriro cy'umuryango wa Malvaceae. Ubwoko bubiri bwihariye bwakorerwa mu Gujarat: Gossypium hirsutum (American Upland, bivuga hejuru ya 90% y'agace k'icyatsi cya cotton ka Indi) na Gossypium arboreum (Desi cotton, ifite imigozi miriguye ariko irakomeye cyane). Igihinguriro kigera ku burebure bwa mita 1-1.5, amapiro ifite ingingo eshatu kugera eshanu, n'imbuto ni yera-umweru mu mahoro itransformika igifu (boll). Igifu kigera ku kumeso, kigabuka kandi icyatsi cyera cyimbere cyagaragara.

Muri Gujarat, icotoni ritandukanya mugice cya kharif mugihe cya Nzeri-Kanama (icyambere cy'imvura). Imbuto z'icotoni zitangira guhanika 150-180 iminsi nyuma yo gutanduka, ni ukuvuga mu gihe cya Ukwakira kugeza Nzeri. Imbuto zose z'icotoni zitaziruka mu gihe kimwe — rero gukoranabushakashatsi 3-4 gukoranabushakashatsi bigomba gukoranabushakashatsi mu gihe kimwe. Gukoranabushakashatsi kwa mbere kuvanwa mubwiyunge-Cakubarware, kandi igisoza mu Nzeri-Ukwakira. Gukubuza mu gitondo cyambere nyuma yo gukira amazi yatakira — icotoni gitevu cyiyongera mu buzito kandi ubwenge bumva cyane.

Ponn iceri cyafunguye cyose. Iceri cyafunguye cyacikora mu mirongo itatu kugeza itanu myandikire n'ibara ryeru rifungurika hanze. Ntakuponn iceri cyijimye, iceri itakiramuye, cyangwa iceri yishyushye — izi ni ntambara kandi ubwoko bw'ibara bwayo buzaba bubi. Menya iceri yirwaye (ibishwanywe, ifite ibice bitukura) mu rwego rwawo — ntayikamiwe n'ibara riryoshye.

Twika amata yiva mu gitsina cyarinze mu mano yawe kandi ugakurura. Amata yacu akakuruka neza — ntakenewe gukoresha imbaraga nyinshi. Witondere nti udakurura ibice byabitse bya gitsina (bract, burr) — iri debris rihuza amata kandi ridakiza ubwoko. Koresha amakono abiri: twika umutwe hamwe n'igihe kimwe kandi ushimishe amata hamwe n'indi gihe. Umushimisha w'ubuhanga arashobora gushimisha kilo 30-40 z'inini buri munsi.

Uzuza coton yacukuwe muri kabari gakorewe ku mufunzo. Iyo kabari kiragutse, kigurukire muri saki nini y'umureza. Ntakenewe gusiba coton — ibibazo byinshi bikonje imisusire. Menya ko amapapiro, amakoni, n'inda ntiyegeranye n'coton yacukuwe. Coton ushakiro cyangwa i droo ihengana — coton ihumeka ina ibyago byinshi byo kwandura umwunda.

Komeza cotton yayoze mu neza zinzira ku butaka bwiza bwo kumara cyangwa ku mat ya palme. Kumara mu gihe hejuru kwa 2-3 iminsi, ugezenije 2-3 inzira buri munsi kugirango kumara kwaringanire. Ubwiyunge bwa moisture igomba kugera kuri 8-10%. Cotton ifite ubwiyunge bwinshi nyuma ya ginning ihora no kwanduka mu mahanga. Ifunika mu gihe cy'ijoro cyangwa igihe kiraguye. Kumara mu gihe hejuru mu mahanga avuke a Gujarat ni ikintu kiremereye — ibyatanzwe ni 1500-2000 kg cotton buri hectare.

Kuva mu gwateri kwamuranire, wowe ubwszemélpersonnellement gukura amapapiro, ibishanga, ibice by'icuba cyamuranire, n'icuba kirundi. Iri nzira yitwa 'kurugura' cyangwa 'gukura icuba'. Gwateri rwagurwe rugira inzira 5-10% y'ibiciro byinshi mu masoko. Gwateri kiryoshye cyangwa gikize gukwanira mu ruhande — byakabije ingano.

Coton (kapas) = inzira + imbegu. Gutwika bivuza gusunika inzira (inzira) ku mbegu (imbegu). Mu nzira y'uko Gujarati yakoze, 'churki' (churki) ikoreshwa — izi ni ibirago bibiri by'inkweto bitimukanira mu mahirwe atandukanye. Shiraho coton hagati y'ibirago bibiri — inzira ivuza imbere kandi imbegu itigira inyuma. Hamwe na churki y'umukono, kilo 5-8 z'ucoton zirashobora gutwikwa buri munsi. Ikinini cyitangiraniro cya roller giteganya iki kintu kimwe.

Nyuma y'ibiseke, udukirana bugenewe kandi bimatanye. Mu mahoro, 'dhunai' (bow carding) ikoreshwa — urwego rw'inzira rininini rukinwa ku rukoko rw'udukirana. Inzira y'inzira ikunyuza kandi ikorera udukirana. Iri nzira ihuza inzira ihagaze, ikazura impande, kandi yacyakwegura inzira y'inzira y'impapuro. Udukirana ugenewe ari mwenge, worohereze, kandi wanditswe kugirango carded.

Uburebure bwa fiber ya cotton (staple) bubanza ubwenge. Short staple: munsi ya milimetero 21 — kubwenge bwite. Medium staple: milimetero 22-25 — kubwenge busanzwe. Long staple: milimetero 26-32 — kubwenge bwiza cyane. Kugirango ukwitize uburebure bwa fiber, fata fiber nke ugasigua — fiber irefuye irasiguka neza kandi ine imbaraga. Muri Gujarat, cotton ifite medium na long staple yubwiyunge cyane.

Nyambuza coton yiteguwe neza mu masanamu akozwe mu nguo zisunika. Inzira nshya, gusunika harimo intoki gukora masanamu 20-30 kiliyigirame. Sunika buri masanamu cyane hamwe na rope cyangwa ibindi bipande bya nguo. Andika uburemere, urwego (uburebure bwa fiber), n'italiki kuri buri masanamu. Kandi kubika imbuto z'amacoton ku gihande — ikoreshwa mu mahiga ya cottonseed n'ibiryo by'inyamali (oilcake).

Kubika imbuto z'uruni yasohotse mu nzu y'ubwstore isanzwe neza n'umwuka. Keepga imbuto hejuru y'isi — teyiga kuri paneli z'ibiti cyangwa ibinini. Kuverera amazi — niba ubwiyunge burasize 8-10%, fungi na kuroza bivuka. Kubika nzu y'ubwstore neza kugira ngo kurinda mu mahamba n'inzira. Ubwire bw'uruni bukabiritswe neza bwibuka imigabane myinshi. Abasarura mu Gujarat baguza cotton mu APMC (Agricultural Produce Market Committee) isoko.