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Lutetium: Fluoride Reduced by Calcium in Tantalum under Argon, Remelted under Half an Atmosphere of Argon (Spedding and Daane, 1954)
How Ames Laboratory first made lutetium metal. Calcium takes the fluorine from lutetium fluoride at high heat in a tantalum crucible under argon, leaving the metal under a slag of calcium fluoride. It is then remelted to drive off the leftover calcium, under half an atmosphere of argon because lutetium itself evaporates at its melting point.
Result: lutetium metal holding less than 150 ppm calcium. The paper puts lutetium's melting point at about 1650-1750 °C.
Source: F. H. Spedding and A. H. Daane, The Rare Earth Metals, Journal of Metals 6 (1954), pp. 504-507: lutetium was reduced under the same conditions the paper gives for yttrium. Not given: the lutetium charge and calcium excess, heating times, and how the 1550 °C of the yttrium run was matched to lutetium's higher melting point. Picture: Wikimedia Commons.
Hejuru
1 day
Amabwiriza
1
1
Charge the crucible
Charge the crucible
Put anhydrous lutetium fluoride and calcium into a tantalum crucible. Ames made its crucibles from tantalum sheet 2.0 or 2.5 mils thick, welded under helium. Not given: how much calcium.
Ibikoresho by'iyi ntambwe:
Lutetiyumu fluoride1 as requiredIbikoresho bikenewe:
Kalisiyumu
Inkono ya tantalum2
2
Reduce under argon
Reduce under argon
Heat the charge in an argon atmosphere to the yttrium conditions, 1550 °C; the paper reports lutetium fluoride reduced this way 'with the same results', a well-fused mass of metal under the slag. In the yttrium run there was no boiling, only a light wisp of fumes, and the metal held under 2 % calcium. Ours: an induction furnace, as the same paper uses for open tantalum crucibles.
Ibikoresho bikenewe:
Itanura rya induction
ArigoniInkono ya tantalum3
3
Remelt under half an atmosphere of argon
Remelt under half an atmosphere of argon
Remelt the metal to boil off the calcium. Lutetium has an appreciable vapour pressure at its melting point, so keep a partial pressure of one-half an atmosphere of argon in the system to stop it distilling out of the crucible. At these temperatures the calcium still escapes: under 150 ppm stays in the metal.
Ibikoresho bikenewe:
Itanura rya induction
Pompe ikuramo umwukaArigoniInkono ya tantalumIbikoresho
1- 1 as requiredUmwanya
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Lutetium Fluoride: Oxide Converted in HF and Argon at 750 °C, then Melted in HF to Remove the Last Oxygen (Henderson, Ames 1970)
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Erbium, Ytterbium, Thulium and Lutetium Oxides: Xenotime Separated on Ion Exchange Columns with EDTA and HEDTA (Spedding and Powell, US 2,956,858)
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Lanthanum: Anhydrous Chloride Reduced with Calcium in a Tantalum Bomb under Argon, then Vacuum Cast (Daane, Ames 1950)
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