Gukora Inombe Itukura Utwika Inombe y'Umuhondo — Ihinduka rya Kera Cyane ry'Irangi Ryakozwe Nkana
Gutwika inombe y'umuhondo kugira ngo havemo inombe itukura ni rimwe mu mahinduka ya shimi ya kera cyane yakozwe nkana mu mateka y'abantu — ibimenyetso byo mu Buvumo bwa Blombos muri Afurika y'Epfo byerekana ko abantu bashyushyaga inombe mu myaka irenga 100,000 ishize. Uburyo buroroshye ariko bufite akamaro gakomeye: inombe y'umuhondo irimo goethite (α-FeOOH, oxyde y'icyuma irimo amazi), ifite ibara ry'umuhondo n'ikigina. Kuyishyushya kugera kuri 250-300°C bikura amazi y'ikristalu, bigahindura goethite ikaba hematite (α-Fe₂O₃, oxyde y'icyuma idafite amazi), itukura. Icyuma kimwe, oxygène imwe — gusa nta mazi. Iri hinduka ry'ibara rihoraho kandi ntirisubira inyuma.
Inombe itukura isanzwe iboneka mu butaka (ubutaka bukungahaye kuri hematite buboneka ku isi hose), ariko inombe itukura yatwitswe akenshi iba ifite ibara rirabagirana kandi riringaniye kurusha iyisanzwe kuko ibikoresho by'ibanze bishobora gutoranywa hakurikijwe ubuziranenge. Uburyo buha uwukora ubushobozi bwo kugenga ibara — ubushyuhe bwo hasi (200-250°C) butanga umutuku w'icunga, mu gihe ubushyuhe bwo hejuru (300-350°C) butanga umutuku wijimye cyane. Iyi blueprint ntirenga 350°C, bityo kugenzura ubushyuhe bifite akamaro.
Iyi blueprint yigisha shimi y'ibanze yo gutwika — gushyushya ibuye kugira ngo uhindure imiterere yaryo ya shimi. Ihame rimwe ni ryo rishingirwaho mu gukora ingwa itetse (gushyushya ibuye ry'ingwa), plaster of Paris (gushyushya gypsum), n'uburyo bwinshi bwo gutunganya ibyuma. Kumenya gutwika inombe ni irembo ryo gusobanukirwa uko umuriro uhindura amabuye.
Amabwiriza
Hitamo kandi utegure inombe y'umuhondo
Hitamo kandi utegure inombe y'umuhondo
Tangira n'amagarama 100-200 y'irangi ry'inombe y'umuhondo risukuye kandi ryumye. Niba ukora uhereye ku bibuye bibisi, babanze ubisye bibe ifu nziza mu isekuru n'umuhini — uduce duto dutwikwa mu buryo buringaniye. Kuramo utubuye, imizi, cyangwa indi myanda itari inombe. Ibara ry'intangiriro rigomba kuba umuhondo ugaragara kugeza ku muhondo n'ikigina. Inombe zijimye, zisa n'ikigina, zirimo ibintu byinshi bikomoka ku binyabuzima kandi zizatanga imitukura idakeye cyane.
Ibikoresho by'iyi ntambwe:
Ifu y'ibara ry'umuhondo wa oka (mbisi)200 gIbikoresho bikenewe:
Isekuru n'Umuhini
Iminzani ya Digitale yo mu GikoniKwirakwiza mu gikoresho kidashya
Kwirakwiza mu gikoresho kidashya
Kwirakwiza inombe y'umuhondo isekuwe mu cyiciro gito kiringaniye (kitarenze cm 1 z'ubujyakuzimu) mu isahani y'ibumba idashya, akabindi ka terracotta, cyangwa agasanduku k'icyuma. Icyiciro gito gituma ubushyuhe buringanira — ibyiciro binini bitwikwa mu buryo budaringaniye, bigatanga uruvange rw'umuhondo, icunga n'umutuku. Igikoresho kigomba kwihanganira 350°C kitameneka.
Ibikoresho bikenewe:
Isahani ya kerami yihanganira umuriroShyushya buhoro kugeza kuri 250-300°C
Shyushya buhoro kugeza kuri 250-300°C
Shyira isahani mu ifuru yo mu gikoni yashyushywe kugeza kuri 250°C, cyangwa ku buriri bw'amakara yaka mu muriro wo hanze. Ibara rizatangira guhinduka nyuma y'iminota 15-20: umuhondo → icunga → umutuku w'icunga → umutuku. Vanga ifu buri minota 15 kugira ngo itwikwe mu buryo buringaniye. Kuri 250°C goethite (FeOOH) itakaza amazi yayo y'ikristalu maze igahinduka hematite (Fe₂O₃) — ibuye rimwe rituma inombe itukura isanzwe iba itukura. Uburyo bufata iminota 45-90 bitewe n'ubushyuhe n'ingano y'uduce.
Ibikoresho bikenewe:
Igipima Ubushyuhe cyo GutekaGenzura ibara maze uhagarike ku ibara wifuza
Genzura ibara maze uhagarike ku ibara wifuza
Kuramo urugero ruto buri kanya maze ureke rukonje ku ibuye ry'umweru — ibara rigaragara ryijimye iyo rishyushye kandi rikagabanuka gato iyo rikonje. Hagarika gushyushya iyo urugero rukonje rugeze ku ibara wifuza. Ku mutuku w'icunga ushyushye, shyushya kugeza kuri 250°C mu minota 45. Ku mutuku wijimye cyane, shyushya kugeza kuri 300°C mu minota 60-90. NTUKARENZE 350°C — ni bwo bushyuhe bwo hejuru iyi blueprint ikoresha. Ihinduka ry'ibara rihoraho kandi ntirisubira inyuma.
Konjesha, sya, kandi ubike
Konjesha, sya, kandi ubike
Reka inombe yatwitswe ikonje burundu mu isahani — oxyde y'icyuma ishyushye ishobora kumena ibikoresho by'ikirahure. Imaze gukonja, yisye ibe ifu nziza iringaniye mu isekuru n'umuhini cyangwa ku rubaho rw'ikirahure ukoresheje umuhini w'ikirahure. Irangi rirangiye rigomba kuba umutuku urabagirana kandi usukuye — uringaniye kurusha inombe nyinshi zitukura zisanzwe. Ribike mu kabindi gafunze. Iyi nombe itukura yatwitswe ntihindurwa n'urumuri, irahoraho, ntikora ku bindi mu buryo bwa shimi, kandi ijyana na buri kintu gifatanya — amavuta, egg tempera, irangi ry'amazi, fresco, casein, na acrylic.
Ibikoresho bikenewe:
Isekuru n'Umuhini
Urusyo rw'IkirahureIbikoresho
1- Umwanya
Ibikoresho bikenewe
5- Umwanya
- Umwanya
- Umwanya
Ibikoresho by'Ibishushanyo Bifitanye Isano
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Iki gishushanyo gikora
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Izi blueprint zisangira ubumenyi — uburyo, ibikoresho cyangwa amahame
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Making Bone Black Pigment — Calcining Animal Bones into the Warm Black of Old Master Painters
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Making Vine Black Pigment — Charring Grape Vines into the Cool Blue-Black of Classical Painters
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Making Smalt — Grinding Cobalt Blue Glass into the Renaissance Painter's Blue Pigment
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CC0 Umurenge rusange
Iyi blueprint yasohowe munsi ya CC0. Ushobora gukoporora, guhindura, gukwirakwiza no gukoresha nta kwemererwa.
Shyigikira Umuremyi ugura ibicuruzwa binyuze muri Blueprint ye Komisiyo y'Umuremyi byashyizweho n'Abacuruzi, cyangwa kora verisiyo nshya y'iyi Blueprint ukayinjiza nk'isano muri Blueprint yawe kugira ngo musangire inyungu.