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Spiegeleisen from Spathic Ore: Siegen Blast Furnace
Spiegeleisen, 'mirror iron', is pig iron rich in manganese. Bessemer steelmakers added it to the blown metal to put back carbon and manganese. The Siegen works made it by roasting their manganese-bearing spathic ore and smelting it in the blast furnace with brown hematite, limestone and coke, as Bauerman describes (1890).
Hejuru
Works process
Amabwiriza
1
1
Watch: iron from a blast furnace
Watch: iron from a blast furnace
A 1951 film of the blast furnace: ore, coke and limestone in layers, hot blast, slag and tapping. Spiegeleisen is made the same way from a manganese-rich ore.
2
2
Roast the spathic ore
Roast the spathic ore
Break the ore small. In the kiln, lay 4 in of charcoal on the upper grate, then alternate layers of ore and waste fuel (coke breeze), 40 parts ore to 8 fuel by measure. Light a wood fire on the lower grate and keep it three days. Draw a quarter of the roasted ore each day and refill with half the fuel.
Ibikoresho by'iyi ntambwe:
Amabuye y'icyuma ya siderite1 as required
Amakara1 as required
Amakara y'ubutare1 as required
Inkwi1 as requiredIbikoresho bikenewe:
Itanura ryo kotsa amabuye
Inyundo nini3
3
Charge the blast furnace
Charge the blast furnace
Each charge: 28.8 parts roasted spathic ore, 7.2 brown hematite and 9 limestone, with 20 parts coke (Charlottenhütte, by weight).
Ibikoresho by'iyi ntambwe:
Ubutare bw'icyuma (icyuma cy'ibishanga / hematite / magnetite)1 as required
Karubonate ya Kalisiyumu - Ibuye Ry'Isarabwayi Rimenaguritse1 as requiredAmakara y'ubutare1 as requiredIbikoresho bikenewe:
Itanura rinini ryo gushongesha icyuma4
4
Blow it hot
Blow it hot
Blow through three tuyeres at about 3½ lb per square inch, with a hot blast (280–300° in Bauerman). Keep the hearth hot: a hotter blast reduces more manganese. Keep the slag nearly neutral.
Ibikoresho bikenewe:
Itanura rinini ryo gushongesha icyuma
Pirometero5
5
Tap and cast
Tap and cast
Tap the metal into moulds. Siegen's spiegeleisen held about 8 % manganese.
Ibikoresho bikenewe:
Inkoni yo gufungura iziko
Imbumbe yo gusukamo icyuma gishongeye
Uturindantoki twihanganira ubushyuhe
Ingabo y'Isura6
6
Honest limits
Honest limits
Figures are Bauerman's (1890) for Siegen; a works blast furnace made about 30 tons a day. Later spiegel ran ~15 % manganese (Wikipedia), from richer Spanish and Sardinian ores.
Ibikoresho
6- 1 as requiredUmwanya
- 1 as requiredUmwanya
- 1 as requiredUmwanya
- 1 as requiredUmwanya
- Umwanya
- Umwanya
Ibikoresho bikenewe
8- Umwanya
- Umwanya
- Umwanya
- Umwanya
- Umwanya
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