Thorium: Oxide Reduced with Calcium and Calcium Chloride in a Sealed Bomb at 950 °C (Marden and Rentschler, US 1,814,719)

Thorium nitrate is burnt gently to a coarse, heavy thoria, then sealed in an iron bomb with clean calcium cuttings and dry calcium chloride (1 : 3/4 : 1 by weight) and heated to 950 °C. Water and dilute nitric acid wash the lime and salt away, leaving thorium powder. Result: bright thorium metal powder, ready for pressing and sintering. Source: J. W. Marden and H. C. Rentschler (Westinghouse), US patent 1,814,719 (filed 1924), pp. 3-6. Thorium is radioactive; hot calcium and thorium are very reactive. Picture drawn by Youblob.

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Thorium Nitrate: Monazite Sand Opened with Sulphuric Acid, through Phosphate, Oxalate and Sulphate (Roscoe 1913)

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Calcium: Anhydrous Calcium Iodide Reduced with Sodium in a Screwed Iron Crucible (Moissan, Thorpe 1912)

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