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Tin Oxide: Tin Burnt in an Open Iron Pot
Ondřej Mangl (Wikimedia Commons) · Public domain
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14. Ukwakira 2026DE
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Tin Oxide: Tin Burnt in an Open Iron Pot

Tin oxide is made by burning tin in air: melted tin in an open pot slowly turns to a white powder. Andrew Ure (1839) describes the enamel makers' way, with a lead-tin alloy in a flat iron pot, the powder raked aside as it forms, then ground and washed fine. Done with pure tin it gives the milky white oxide used in glazes, opal glass and polishing. The picture: tin(IV) oxide powder on a watch glass.
Hagati
A day

Amabwiriza

1

Melt the tin in an open pot

Melt the tin in a flat cast-iron pot over a charcoal fire. Leave the pot open to the air.

Ibikoresho by'iyi ntambwe:

Igitebo cya bati (etain)Igitebo cya bati (etain)1 kg
AmakaraAmakara1 as required

Ibikoresho bikenewe:

Umunzani w'ibiroUmunzani w'ibiro
Inkono yo gushongesha y'icyuma cyasuweInkono yo gushongesha y'icyuma cyasuwe
Itanura ry'amakaraItanura ry'amakara
Igikoresho cyo GufataIgikoresho cyo Gufata
Uturindantoki twihanganira ubushyuheUturindantoki twihanganira ubushyuhe
2

Burn it, rake the powder aside

Raise the heat towards a dull red and keep stirring the surface. Rake the white crust to the sides as it forms, as Ure describes, and add tin as it is used up. Keep the heat as low as will do: Ure warns that too strong a fire fuses the powder and makes it hard to grind.

Ibikoresho bikenewe:

Inkono yo gushongesha y'icyuma cyasuweInkono yo gushongesha y'icyuma cyasuwe
Icyuma cyo gukubura amakaraIcyuma cyo gukubura amakara
Ikiyiko gifite utwoboIkiyiko gifite utwobo
Uturindantoki twihanganira ubushyuheUturindantoki twihanganira ubushyuhe
3

Pick out the metal

Let the powder cool. Sift it and pick out any beads of tin; Ure: no metal may be left in the oxide. Melt the beads back in.

Ibikoresho bikenewe:

Ishungura ritoIshungura rito
Amadarubindi yo Kwirinda IbinyabutabireAmadarubindi yo Kwirinda Ibinyabutabire
4

Grind and wash

Grind the powder fine with water. Stir it up in a bucket of water, let the coarse part settle for a moment and pour off the milky water; let the fine part settle out of that, as Ure washed his. Dry it in a dish and store it closed.

Ibikoresho by'iyi ntambwe:

AmaziAmazi10 litiro

Ibikoresho bikenewe:

Isekuru n'UmuhiniIsekuru n'Umuhini
Isekuru ryo gusyaIsekuru ryo gusya
IndoboIndobo
Isahani yo kumishaIsahani yo kumisha
Icupa ry'IkirahureIcupa ry'Ikirahure
5

Tin to oxide

Gupakira ikaye ya Jupyter…
6

Limits

Burning tin in air is how tin oxide is made (Wikipedia); the pot, raking, low heat and washing are Ure's practice for the lead-tin calx of enamel makers, used here with pure tin by our choice. Tin oxidises more slowly than Ure's lead-rich alloy, so allow time.

Ibikoresho

3

Ibikoresho bikenewe

14

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