Gusobanukirwa Uraniyumu ikomoka kuri Uraninite — Ikinyabutabire Cyahinduye Byose

Uraniyumu (U, ikinyabutabire cya 92) ni cyo kinyabutabire kiremereye kurusha ibindi kiboneka mu buryo kamere ku bwinshi bugaragara, kandi ni cyo cyatangije igihe cya nikleyeri. Martin Heinrich Klaproth — umuhanga mu bya shimi umwe wise titane izina — yavumbuye uraniyumu mu 1789 asesengura pitchblende (uraninite, UO₂) yaturutse mu birombe bya feza bya Joachimsthal muri Bohemia. Yayise izina ry'umubumbe Uranus, wari wavumbuwe na William Herschel imyaka umunani gusa mbere yaho.

Mu gihe kirenga ikinyejana nyuma yo kuvumburwa kwayo, uraniyumu yari igitangaza cya shimi kidafite akamaro gafatika uretse gusiga ibirahure n'ibumba ibara ry'icyatsi-umuhondo ricyeye. Byose byahindutse mu 1896 ubwo Henri Becquerel yavumburaga ko imyunyu ya uraniyumu isohora ubwayo imirasire yinjira mu bintu — ari ko kuvumburwa kwa radiyoactivite. Ibi byatumye Marie na Pierre Curie batandukanya radiyumu na poloniyumu mu mabuye ya uraniyumu, Rutherford avumbura nwayo ya atome, maze amaherezo hagera ku gucamo nwayo (Hahn na Strassmann, 1938) no kuri bombe atomike.

Uraninite (UO₂, dioxyde ya uraniyumu) ni yo minerali y'ibanze ya uraniyumu, irimo uraniyumu igera kuri 88.1% by'uburemere. Iboneka mu mitsi ya hydrothermal, muri pegmatite za granite, no mu bubiko bw'ibitare byarundanyijwe n'amazi (uraniyumu iri mu bitare by'umusenyi). Uraninite ifite radiyoactivite kandi igomba gufatwa hitawe ku bwirinzi bukwiye.

AKAGA GAKOMEYE CYANE — RADIYOACTIVITE N'UBUMARA: Uraniyumu ni uburozi bwa shimi (icyuma kiremereye, cyangiza impyiko) kandi ni akaga ka radiyoactivite. Uraninite isohora uduce twa alpha, uduce twa beta, n'imirasire ya gamma biturutse kuri uraniyumu no ku ruhererekane rwayo rwo kubora (radiyumu, gaze ya radoni, poloniyumu). Gufata uraninite bisaba gukurikirana imirasire, kurinda guhumeka (kugira ngo hatagira uhumeka radoni n'umukungugu wa uraniyumu), no kubahiriza amategeko agenga ibikoresho bya nikleyeri aho uri. Iyi blueprint ni iyo kwiga gusa — ntugerageze gukura uraniyumu mu mabuye.