Water-Cooled Condenser: Liebig's Glass Tube Corked in a Metal Pipe (Fownes, 1847)

Liebig's condenser as Fownes described it in 1847: a glass tube, tapering from end to end, held by bored corks in the centre of a metal pipe, with tubes that let a current of cold water run through the pipe around it. Vapour from a retort passes down the glass tube, condenses and runs into the receiver. With a few pieces of ice in the little cistern the water stays at 32 °F (0 °C), and even very volatile liquids condense. Unknown: the metal of the pipe, the material of the water tubes and all sizes. Fownes does not give them. Source: G. Fownes, Elementary Chemistry (1847), p. 46 and Fig. 33. Picture: Fig. 33.

متوسط

Unknown

التعليمات

Cork the glass tube into the pipe

Bore a cork for each end of the metal pipe. Pass the glass tube, which tapers from end to end, through both corks so that it is held in the centre of the pipe. Ours: the cork borer.

المواد لهذه الخطوة:

أنبوب زجاجي1 tapering from end to end

معدن غير معروف1 the pipe

فِلّين2 perforated

أبعاد غير معروفة1 قطعة

الأدوات المطلوبة:

ثاقب الفلّين

Fit the water tubes

Provide the pipe with tubes so arranged that a current of cold water can circulate through it. As drawn in Fig. 33, the water comes from a little cistern with a cock, standing above the apparatus, down to the lower end of the pipe, and leaves at the upper end into a jar.

المواد لهذه الخطوة:

مادة غير معروفة1 water tubes and cistern

الأدوات المطلوبة:

ثاقب الفلّين

Run the cold water

While distilling, let cold water flow from the cistern through the pipe. For very volatile liquids put a few pieces of ice into the cistern: the water then stays at 32 °F (0 °C).

الأدوات المطلوبة: