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Spiegeleisen from Spathic Ore: Siegen Blast Furnace

Andrew Silver (Wikimedia Commons) · Public domain

أنشأه

Forge

13. أكتوبر 2026

Spiegeleisen from Spathic Ore: Siegen Blast Furnace

Spiegeleisen, 'mirror iron', is pig iron rich in manganese. Bessemer steelmakers added it to the blown metal to put back carbon and manganese. The Siegen works made it by roasting their manganese-bearing spathic ore and smelting it in the blast furnace with brown hematite, limestone and coke, as Bauerman describes (1890).

متقدم

Works process

التعليمات

Watch: iron from a blast furnace

A 1951 film of the blast furnace: ore, coke and limestone in layers, hot blast, slag and tapping. Spiegeleisen is made the same way from a manganese-rich ore.

Roast the spathic ore

Break the ore small. In the kiln, lay 4 in of charcoal on the upper grate, then alternate layers of ore and waste fuel (coke breeze), 40 parts ore to 8 fuel by measure. Light a wood fire on the lower grate and keep it three days. Draw a quarter of the roasted ore each day and refill with half the fuel.

المواد لهذه الخطوة:

خام الحديد الإسباري (سيدريت)1 as required

فحم نباتي1 as required

فحم كوك معدني1 as required

حطب1 as required

الأدوات المطلوبة:

فرن تحميص

مطرقة ثقيلة

Charge the blast furnace

Each charge: 28.8 parts roasted spathic ore, 7.2 brown hematite and 9 limestone, with 20 parts coke (Charlottenhütte, by weight).

المواد لهذه الخطوة:

خام الحديد (حديد المستنقعات / الهيماتيت / المغنتيت)1 as required

كربونات الكالسيوم - حجر جيري مجروش1 as required

فحم كوك معدني1 as required

الأدوات المطلوبة:

فرن عالٍ

Blow it hot

Blow through three tuyeres at about 3½ lb per square inch, with a hot blast (280–300° in Bauerman). Keep the hearth hot: a hotter blast reduces more manganese. Keep the slag nearly neutral.

الأدوات المطلوبة:

فرن عالٍ

مقياس الحرارة العالية

Tap and cast

Tap the metal into moulds. Siegen's spiegeleisen held about 8 % manganese.

الأدوات المطلوبة:

قضيب السحب

قالب صب السبائك

قفّازات مقاومة للحرارة

درع للوجه

Honest limits

Figures are Bauerman's (1890) for Siegen; a works blast furnace made about 30 tons a day. Later spiegel ran ~15 % manganese (Wikipedia), from richer Spanish and Sardinian ores.