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Tin Oxide: Tin Burnt in an Open Iron Pot

Ondřej Mangl (Wikimedia Commons) · Public domain

أنشأه

Charlie

14. أكتوبر 2026

Tin Oxide: Tin Burnt in an Open Iron Pot

Tin oxide is made by burning tin in air: melted tin in an open pot slowly turns to a white powder. Andrew Ure (1839) describes the enamel makers' way, with a lead-tin alloy in a flat iron pot, the powder raked aside as it forms, then ground and washed fine. Done with pure tin it gives the milky white oxide used in glazes, opal glass and polishing. The picture: tin(IV) oxide powder on a watch glass.

متوسط

A day

التعليمات

Melt the tin in an open pot

Melt the tin in a flat cast-iron pot over a charcoal fire. Leave the pot open to the air.

المواد لهذه الخطوة:

سبيكة قصدير1 كغ

فحم نباتي1 as required

الأدوات المطلوبة:

ميزان ذو كفّتين

بوتقة صهر من حديد زهر

فرن فحم

ملقط

قفّازات مقاومة للحرارة

Burn it, rake the powder aside

Raise the heat towards a dull red and keep stirring the surface. Rake the white crust to the sides as it forms, as Ure describes, and add tin as it is used up. Keep the heat as low as will do: Ure warns that too strong a fire fuses the powder and makes it hard to grind.

الأدوات المطلوبة:

بوتقة صهر من حديد زهر

مِمشط حديدي

مِغرفة مثقّبة

قفّازات مقاومة للحرارة

Pick out the metal

Let the powder cool. Sift it and pick out any beads of tin; Ure: no metal may be left in the oxide. Melt the beads back in.

الأدوات المطلوبة:

منخل دقيق

نظارة واقية من رذاذ الكيماويات

Grind and wash

Grind the powder fine with water. Stir it up in a bucket of water, let the coarse part settle for a moment and pour off the milky water; let the fine part settle out of that, as Ure washed his. Dry it in a dish and store it closed.

المواد لهذه الخطوة:

ماء10 لترات

الأدوات المطلوبة:

هاون ومِدَقّ

مِدَكّ السحق

دلو

طبق تبخير

مرطبان زجاجي

Tin to oxide

جارٍ تحميل دفتر Jupyter…

Limits

Burning tin in air is how tin oxide is made (Wikipedia); the pot, raking, low heat and washing are Ure's practice for the lead-tin calx of enamel makers, used here with pure tin by our choice. Tin oxidises more slowly than Ure's lead-rich alloy, so allow time.