Gusarura Indabo za Pyrethrum — Isarura ry'Indabo z'Umuti w'Udukoko mu Rwanda

Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) ni igihingwa gikura neza mu misozi miremire y'u Rwanda, ku burebure bwa metero 2,000-3,000 hejuru y'inyanja. Igihingwa gifite amababi y'icyatsi kibisi afite amabara ya feza, kandi gikura kugeza kuri santimetero 30-75 z'uburebure. Indabo zisa n'izo daisy — amababi y'indabo ari yera, hagati hakaba hari ibara ry'umuhondo. Mu ndabo hirimo ibintu bitwa pyrethrins — umuti kamere w'udukoko udafite ingaruka ku bantu no ku nyamaswa z'amaraso ashyushye. U Rwanda rutanga hafi toni 6,000 za pyrethrum ndende ku mwaka, rutari kure y'u Kenya na Tanzania mu buhinzi bw'icyi gihingwa ku isi.

Igihe cyo gusarura ni ingenzi cyane kuko pyrethrins zigera ku rugero rwo hejuru iyo indabo zikinguye neza. Ibimenyetso by'uko bigeze gusarurwa: amababi yera y'indabo akinguye burundu, igice cy'umuhondo cyo hagati kigaragara neza, kandi indabo itaratangira gucura ngo ikure. Indabo zigomba gusarurwa mu gihe cy'iminsi 1-2 nyuma yo gukinguka burundu. Niba watabye igihe, pyrethrins ziragabanuka — indabo zarakuye zitangira gucura ziba zigize pyrethrins nke cyane. Mu Rwanda, isarura ryitaruka buri byumweru 2-3 mu gihe cy'ubwatsi (kuva mu Kwakira kugeza mu Gashyantare).

Tegura ibikoresho byose mbere yo kujya mu murima. Agakapu k'umusaruro kagomba kuba gasukuye kandi katagira amazi — amazi atuma pyrethrins zonona vuba. Imifuka y'igitambara igomba kuba isukuye kandi yumye. Ikoti rya plastiki rishobora gufasha mu gihe cy'imvura. Kuko indabo zisarurwa ku musozi wibuye, ukeneye inkweto zifashe neza ku butaka bunyerera. Witwikire neza kuko ku misozi y'u Rwanda ku burebure bwa metero 2,500 izuba rishobora gutwika uruhu vuba nubwo bukonje.

Gusarura pyrethrum bikorwa n'intoki gusa — nta cuma gikoreshwa. Fata igiti cy'indabo hagati y'urutoki rw'ikiganza n'urw'ibigino, maze unyure ukanyura aho indabo ihuriye n'igiti — indabo igomba gusohoka neza utayimanaguye. Fata indabo yonyine, uve ku giti. Ntukureho amababi cyangwa amatabi — igihingwa kigomba gukomeza gukura kugira ngo gitange indabo nshya mu byumweru 2-3. Fata indabo zikinguye gusa — reka izitarakinguka zikure. Shyira indabo mu gakapu uhita ubikora buhoro kugira ngo amababi y'indabo adasenyuka.

Pyrethrins zonona vuba cyane iyo zihuje n'izuba, ubushyuhe n'ubuhehere. Ibyo bisobanura ko indabo zigomba kuvamo mu murima zikajya mu mwanya w'igicucu mu masaha 2-3 nyuma yo gutoragurwa. Ntuzishyire mu izuba igihe utwara — zitwikire n'igitambara. Ntuziteranyirize mu murongo munini cyane kuko ubushyuhe bwo hagati bushobora kwangiza pyrethrins. Shyira indabo mu gakapu mu buryo buhendutse — ntuzigandekanye. Niba umurima uri kure y'aho waniza, twara ibyegeranyo bito-bito aho guteraniriza byinshi.

Indabo za pyrethrum zanizwa mu gicucu — ntizigomba kugwa mu zuba ryuzuye kuko ryangiza pyrethrins. Tegura urubuga rwo kwaniza mu nzu ifite igicucu ariko ikagira umuyaga uhagije — inzu y'ibati ifunguye ku mpande zose ni nziza. Shyira inkweto z'ibiti ku burebure bwa santimetero 60-80 hejuru y'ubutaka kugira ngo umuyaga ushobore guca munsi no hejuru y'indabo. Ku nkweto, shyiraho udukangara two gufasha umuyaga guca. Urubuga rugomba kuba rusukuye, rutagira umukungugu, kandi rutari hafi y'aho bateramo ibintu byanduza.

Sambura indabo ku dukangara two kwaniza mu buryo bumwe — indabo zigomba kuba ku rwego rumwe, ntiziteranirize. Ubwinshi bw'indabo buri ku dukangara bugomba kuba buto kugira ngo umuyaga uhagije unyure buri ndabo. Hindura indabo inshuro 2-3 ku munsi kugira ngo zume ku mpande zose kimwe. Kwaniza mu gicucu bifata iminsi 4-7 bitewe n'ikirere. Indabo zumye neza zirahinduka zigashyira mu ibara ry'ikijuju-umuhondo kandi zikumva nk'igipapuro. Igihe cy'imvura mu Rwanda, kwaniza bishobora gufata iminsi irenga 7 — menya ko igihe kirekire cyo kwaniza gishobora gutuma pyrethrins zigabanuka.

Indabo zigomba kugera ku rugero rw'ubuhehere ruri munsi ya 10-12% mbere yo gupakira. Ibimenyetso by'uko zumye neza: indabo imeze nk'igipapuro iyo uyifashe, isenyuka iyo uyitonya mu ntoki, n'igiti cy'indabo gicika gikonje. Iyo ufashe indabo ukayikanda mu kiganza, igomba gusenyuka mu duce dutoya — niba ipfunyika nk'igisabo itarasenyuka, iracyari inyerera kandi ntirarangira kwuma. Igipimo cy'ibiro n'indabo zigomba kuba igice cya gatatu (1/3) cy'ibiro by'indabo nshya — indabo 3 kg nshya zigomba gutanga hafi 1 kg y'indabo zumye. Kugenzura ubwumye ni ingenzi kuko indabo zidakumye neza zishobora kwandura udusimba iyo zipakiwe.

Nyuma yo kwuma neza, indabo zihekenywa kugira ngo igice cy'umuhondo (igice kirimo pyrethrins nyinshi) gitandukane n'amababi yera n'igiti. Shyira indabo mu giseke kiziritse maze uzikandagire buhoro n'intoki — amababi yera azasenyuka, n'igice cy'umuhondo kizagwa mu buce butoya. Ushobora kandi gukoresha inkoni ntoya ukandagira buhoro ku ndabo ziri ku gitambara gisukuye. Ntukandagire bikomeye cyane kuko ibyo bishobora gutuma urusenda rwinjiramo mu duce — aho bimaze guhekenywa, koresha icyungo kugira ngo utandukanye ibice binini n'ubudodo.

Nyuma yo guhekenya, tandukanya ibice bitandukanye by'indabo. Igice cy'umuhondo (igice cyo hagati cy'indabo) kirimo pyrethrins nyinshi — hafi 1.0-3.0% by'ibiro byacyo. Amababi yera y'indabo na yo arimo pyrethrins ariko ku rugero ruto — hafi 0.5-1.0%. Igiti cy'indabo kirimo pyrethrins nke cyane. Ibice bitandukanye bipakira ukwabyo kuko agaciro kabyo katandukanye. Igice cy'umuhondo ni cyo gihenze cyane ku isoko. Ibice byose bigomba kubikwa mu mwanya ushyushye kandi utumye kugira ngo pyrethrins zidahungabana.

Pakira indabo zumye mu mifuka y'impuzu igizwe n'imyenda ya jute — ntukoreshe imifuka ya plastiki kuko ishyiramo ubuhehere butuma pyrethrins zonona. Buri mufuka igomba kugira ibiro 20-25 kg — ntiwuzuze cyane kuko gukandagirwa bishobora kwangiza ubwiza bw'indabo. Funga imifuka neza ukoresheje umugozi. Andika kuri buri mufuka: itariki yo gusarura, ibiro, n'ahantu hahinzwe. Ibyo bifasha kugira ngo usoko umenye ubwiza n'inkomoko y'ibicuruzwa. SOPYRWA (Société de Pyrethre au Rwanda) ni yo sosiyete ikuru igura pyrethrum mu Rwanda.

Bika imifuka y'indabo mu bubiko busukuye, bumye kandi butagira izuba. Ubushyuhe bugomba kuba munsi ya dogere 25 Selisiyusi kandi ubuhehere munsi ya 60%. Shyira imifuka ku mbaho z'ibiti (palette) ku burebure bwa santimetero 15-20 hejuru y'ubutaka kugira ngo ubuhehere bw'ubutaka budashyikira imifuka. Rekera umwanya hagati y'imifuka n'urukuta — byibura santimetero 30 — kugira ngo umuyaga uhagije ushobore guca. Ntushyire imifuka hafi y'ibintu byanduza, ibintu binuka cyangwa imiti. Genzura imifuka buri byumweru 2 urebe ko nta dusimba cyangwa ubuhehere.

After harvesting, the field should be prepared for the next harvest within 2-3 weeks. Remove any remaining weeds or visible stones. If the soil is dry, water it slowly in the early morning or evening — do not water during the hot day as it can damage the seedlings. Apply organic fertilizer (either compost or animal manure) around each plant — approximately 100-200 grams per plant. A pyrethrum plant can produce yields for 3-5 years without being replaced, but the best harvest comes in years 2 and 3. After 4-5 years, the plant must be replanted.

The value of pyrethrum depends on the concentration of pyrethrins in the flowers — as it turns out, a flower batch containing 1.0-3.0% of pyrethrins is the most valuable. Buyers should know that flowers harvested at the right time (fully mature) give more pyrethrins than those harvested too early or too late. Well-dried flowers (moisture below 12%) are stored better than those that are not well dried. Rwanda sells most of its pyrethrum through SOPYRWA, selling to foreign companies that make insecticides. Prices tend to change but in one year pyrethrum can reach 6-10 dollars per kilogram of extract. Good harvesting, proper processing, and good storage are what enable the farmer to get a good price.