Dried pomegranate rinds (Punica granatum) — one of the oldest natural dye sources in the Middle East and Mediterranean. The rinds contain high concentrations of tannin and ellagic acid, producing gold, olive-green, and deep black shades depending on the mordant used. Alum gives warm gold; iron gives olive to black. Used in textile dyeing since ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, and also in traditional leather tanning.