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Alumina: Alum Precipitated with Water of Ammonia and Calcined, Ure 1839
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Alumina: Alum Precipitated with Water of Ammonia and Calcined, Ure 1839

Alum is the earth of clay, alumina, joined to sulphuric acid and potash. Andrew Ure (1839): drop a weak alum solution into water of ammonia and a bulky white earth falls; washed, it is pure alumina hydrate. Calcined hot, it gives up its water and leaves alumina. Strong ammonia stings the eyes and lungs: work in the open with goggles. The picture: aluminium oxide on a watch glass.
Ophakathi
Three days

Imiyalelo

1

Dissolve the alum

Dissolve the alum in twenty times its weight of water (step 5).

Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:

I-Alum (I-Potassium Alum)I-Alum (I-Potassium Alum)500 g

Amathuluzi adingekayo:

Amanzi AcwengisisiweAmanzi Acwengisisiwe
Isikali sesilinganisoIsikali sesilinganiso
Ibhodwe ElikhuluIbhodwe Elikhulu
Induku Yengilazi YokugovuzaInduku Yengilazi Yokugovuza
2

Precipitate

Outdoors, drop the alum solution slowly into water of ammonia, stirring, until the ammonia is nearly but not quite used up (red litmus barely turns blue). A bulky white earth falls.

Amathuluzi adingekayo:

Isixazululo se-ammonia - 25-28 %Isixazululo se-ammonia - 25-28 %
Ibhikha Le-borosilicateIbhikha Le-borosilicate
Induku Yengilazi YokugovuzaInduku Yengilazi Yokugovuza
Iphepha le-litmusIphepha le-litmus
Izibuko Zokuchitheka KwamakhemikhaliIzibuko Zokuchitheka Kwamakhemikhali
Amagilavu erabhaAmagilavu erabha
3

Wash and dry

Let it settle, pour off the liquid, and wash the earth several times with clean water on a cloth. Dry it.

Amathuluzi adingekayo:

Indwangu (Yokuhluza)Indwangu (Yokuhluza)
Amanzi AcwengisisiweAmanzi Acwengisisiwe
Ibhodwe ElikhuluIbhodwe Elikhulu
Izibuko Zokuchitheka KwamakhemikhaliIzibuko Zokuchitheka Kwamakhemikhali
Amagilavu erabhaAmagilavu erabha
4

Calcine

Pack the dry earth in a fireclay crucible and heat it in the furnace to about 1000 °C, checked with the pyrometer, for some hours. Cool, grind and keep the white alumina in a closed jar.

Amathuluzi adingekayo:

Imbiza Yobumba Emelana NomliloImbiza Yobumba Emelana Nomlilo
Isithando SamalahleIsithando Samalahle
AmalahleAmalahle
I-pyrometerI-pyrometer
Udlawu Lwesitsha SokuncibilikisaUdlawu Lwesitsha Sokuncibilikisa
Amagilavu okushiselaAmagilavu okushisela
Isigqulo NomgquloIsigqulo Nomgqulo
Ijeke LengilaziIjeke Lengilazi
5

Earth from your alum

Ilayisha incwadi ye-Jupyter…

Izinto

1

Amathuluzi Adingekayo

18

Le blueprint yenza

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Isibambeli

Impuphu ye-alumina (i-aluminium oxide)

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Potash Alum from Alum Shale

Potash Alum from Alum Shale

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Amakhemikhali

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Water of Ammonia from Sal Ammoniac and Lime, Ure 1839
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Water of Ammonia from Sal Ammoniac and Lime, Ure 1839

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