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Glycerin from Candle-Works Sweet Water: Cap's Process
The sweet water washed out of lime soap in the stearin candle works holds the fat's glycerin, with lime and fatty traces. Cap's process, given in Muspratt's Chemistry (1860), turns it into glycerin: the lime is thrown down as sulfate with sulfuric acid, the liquor is boiled down out of contact with the air, neutralised with chalk, filtered, cleared with bone black and concentrated to a colourless syrup of about 51° Twaddell.
Osezingeni eliphezulu
Several days
Imiyalelo
1
1
Boil down the sweet water
Boil down the sweet water
Reduce the glycerin water drawn off from the lime soap by evaporation over a fire.
Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:
Amanzi e-glycerol1 as required
Amalahle e-bituminous1 as requiredAmathuluzi adingekayo:
Ipani lokuhwamulisa
Iziko lezitini2
2
Find how much lime it holds
Find how much lime it holds
Measure out a known volume, precipitate its lime with oxalate of ammonia, collect the precipitate, dry it, burn it and weigh it. From that, work out how much sulfuric acid will just combine with all the lime.
Amathuluzi adingekayo:
I-ammonium oxalate
Iphepha Lokuhluza
Imbiza Yobumba Emelana Nomlilo
Isikali sesilinganiso3
3
Throw the lime down with sulfuric acid
Throw the lime down with sulfuric acid
Add that amount of sulfuric acid. Sulfate of lime falls. Let it settle and decant the clear liquid into another vessel.
Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:
I-sulfuric acid1 as requiredAmathuluzi adingekayo:
Umphongolo omkhulu wokhuni
Izibuko Zokuchitheka Kwamakhemikhali
Amagilavu erabha4
4
Boil it out of contact with air, to 14° Twaddell
Boil it out of contact with air, to 14° Twaddell
Boil the liquid in a covered vessel, kept stirred, so the air cannot reach it. The boiling drives off volatile fatty impurities and the liquid loses colour and smell. At 14° Twaddell let it cool: more sulfate of lime falls.
Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:
Amalahle e-bituminous1 as requiredAmathuluzi adingekayo:
Umphongolo omkhulu wokhuni
Isigwedlo sokhuniIziko lezitini
I-hydrometer5
5
Neutralise any excess acid with chalk
Neutralise any excess acid with chalk
Test with litmus. If the liquid is acid, add powdered chalk or limestone a little at a time until it is neutral.
Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:
I-Calcium Carbonate - Itshe Lekalika Elichotshoziwe1 as requiredAmathuluzi adingekayo:
Iphepha le-litmusIsigwedlo sokhuni6
6
Boil on to 37.5° and filter
Boil on to 37.5° and filter
Boil again out of contact with air, stirring actively, to 37.5° Twaddell. Collect the sulfate and carbonate of lime on a filter.
Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:
Amalahle e-bituminous1 as requiredAmathuluzi adingekayo:
Umphongolo omkhulu wokhuniIsigwedlo sokhuniIziko lezitiniI-hydrometer
Isihlungo7
7
Reduce to 49°, filtering again if needed
Reduce to 49°, filtering again if needed
Evaporate the filtrate, keeping it well agitated, until on cooling it marks 49° Twaddell. If more sulfate of lime falls, filter again.
Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:
Amalahle e-bituminous1 as requiredAmathuluzi adingekayo:
Ipani lokuhwamulisaIziko lezitiniI-hydrometerIsihlungo8
8
Clear it through bone black
Clear it through bone black
Pass it through washed animal charcoal (bone black) to take out the tinge. It comes through as a colourless solution of about 45° Twaddell.
Amathuluzi adingekayo:
Umnyama wamathamboIsihlungo9
9
Concentrate to 51° Twaddell
Concentrate to 51° Twaddell
Concentrate it carefully, driving off about a quarter of its weight of water, until the syrupy liquid reads 51.2° Twaddell. Store it closed.
Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:
Amalahle e-bituminous1 as requiredAmathuluzi adingekayo:
Ipani lokuhwamulisaIziko lezitiniI-hydrometer10
10
Cap's readings as specific gravity
Cap's readings as specific gravity
Ilayisha incwadi ye-Jupyter…
11
11
Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting
Glycerin troubleshooting.
Flow
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12
12
History and honest limits
History and honest limits
Muspratt (1860) gives Cap's process alongside the older lead-plaster method (olive oil and litharge, the lead removed with hydrogen sulfide). He quotes Wilson that Cap's glycerin, though better than the old product, is not absolutely pure. Bone black is used here as a filter that clears the colour; it is not part of the glycerin. The Twaddell-to-specific-gravity conversion is the standard definition of the scale.
Izinto
4- 1 as requiredIsibambeli
- 1 as requiredIsibambeli
- 1 as requiredIsibambeli
- 1 as requiredIsibambeli
Amathuluzi Adingekayo
14- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
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