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Ukwakha i-merkhet — Ithuluzi laseGibhithe lokulandela ukudlula kwezinkanyezi ukuthola iNyakatho yangempela
Ihumuswe
Astro

Yenziwe ngu-

Astro

30. uNhlaba 2026IS
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Ukwakha i-merkhet — Ithuluzi laseGibhithe lokulandela ukudlula kwezinkanyezi ukuthola iNyakatho yangempela

I-merkhet (ngesiGibhithe: mrḫt, okusho 'ithuluzi lokwazi') iyithuluzi elidala kunawo wonke elaziwayo lokubuka isibhakabhaka, elalisetshenziswa eGibhithe lasendulo okungenani kusukela ngo-2500 BC. Linezingxenye ezimbili ezilula: i-bay — induku eqondile enembobo emise okuka-V okulenga kuyo intambo yomthofu, emisa isiqondiso esimile ngqo — ne-merkhet uqobo — induku eqondile yokubheka enembobo encane. Ngokuqondanisa imbobo yokubheka nentambo yomthofu nenkanyezi ehlosiwe, isazi sezinkanyezi sasingathola isikhathi esiqondile lapho inkanyezi idlula i-meridian (umugqa weNyakatho-Ningizimu odlula phezu kwekhanda). Le ndlela, ebizwa ngokuthi ukubuka ukudlula, yayinezinhloso ezimbili ezibalulekile: ukuthola iNyakatho yangempela ukuze kuqondaniswe izisekelo zamathempeli namaphiramidi ngokunemba okumangalisayo (iPhiramidi Elikhulu laseGiza liqondaniswe neNyakatho yangempela ngaphakathi kwamaminithi angu-3 e-arc), nokwazi isikhathi ebusuku ngokulandela ukuthi 'izinkanyezi zewashi' ezithile (ama-decan) zidlula nini i-meridian. I-merkhet ivezwe ophahleni lwethuna likaRamesses VI futhi yayisetshenziswa ngabapristi ababegada amahora ababegcina isikhathi esisemthethweni semikhuba yethempeli ubusuku bonke. Le blueprint yakha i-merkhet ne-bay ezisebenzayo ngokhuni oluqinile nomthofu, ezikwazi ukuthola iNyakatho yangempela nokubuka ukudlula kwezinkanyezi ngendlela efanayo nezazi zezinkanyezi zaseGibhithe eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezine edlule.

Oqalayo
Amahora angu-3-5

Imiyalelo

1

Qonda umgomo we-merkhet

Uhlelo lwe-merkhet lusebenzisa intambo yomthofu ukumisa isiqondiso esimile ngqo nenduku yokubheka ukuqondanisa lokho kuma nenkanyezi. Lapho inkanyezi ibonakala idlula ngqo ngemuva kwentambo yomthofu edonsiwe, idlula i-meridian yombukeli — umugqa ocatshangwayo weNyakatho-Ningizimu odlula ngqo phezu kwekhanda. Isikhathi salokhu kudlula sincike ekutheni yiyiphi inkanyezi nosuku, okwenza ithuluzi libe yikhampasi newashi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Izazi zezinkanyezi zaseGibhithe zalandela izinkanyezi ezingu-36 ezibizwa ngama-decan, ngayinye iphuma ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi, ukuze zihlukanise ubusuku bube amahora.
2

Bumba i-bay (induku yentambo yomthofu)

I-bay iyinduku eqondile ecishe ibe ngu-cm 40-50 ubude no-cm 2-3 ububanzi, enembobo emise okuka-V esikwe ekugcineni okuphezulu. EGibhithe lasendulo lokhu kwakuvame ukuba ubambo lwesundu oluqhekeziwe; noma yiluphi ukhuni oluqinile olunemicu eqondile lusebenza ngokufanayo. Sika induku ibe nobude obufanele, uyiplane noma uyisande iqonde ngokuphelele, bese uqopha imbobo ka-V ejule cishe ngo-cm 1 futhi ebanzi ngo-cm 1 phakathi phezulu. Intambo yomthofu izolenga kule mbobo. Induku kufanele iqine ngokwanele ukuze ingagobi lapho iphathwe imile.

Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:

Ibhulokhi Lokhuni OluqinileIbhulokhi Lokhuni Oluqinile1 ucezu

Amathuluzi adingekayo:

Isaha SesandlaIsaha Sesandla
Imbazo YensimbiImbazo Yensimbi
3

Bophela umthofu nentambo

Bophela intambo encane ecishe ibe ngu-cm 50-60 ubude emthofweni. Faka omunye umkhawulo embobeni ka-V yenduku ye-bay bese uwuqinisa ukuze umthofu ulenge ngokukhululekile ngaphansi kwembobo, kube no-cm 40 cishe wentambo phakathi kwembobo nomthofu. Intambo kufanele ibe ncane ngokwanele ukuze ibe umugqa wokubheka onembile — intambo ewugqinsi ibanzi kakhulu ukubuka izinkanyezi ngokunemba. Lapho i-bay iphathwe imile, umthofu kufanele ulenge unganyakazi futhi intambo kufanele ihlukanise imbobo ka-V phakathi ngqo.

Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:

Umucu wesisindo (i-plumb bob)Umucu wesisindo (i-plumb bob)1 ucezu
IntamboIntambo1 imitha
4

Bumba induku yokubheka ye-merkhet

I-merkhet uqobo iyinduku eqondile yokubheka ecishe ibe ngu-cm 30-40 ubude no-cm 2-3 ububanzi, enembobo encane esikwe ekugcineni okukodwa. Le mbobo iyimbobo yokubheka — ubheka ngayo ukuze uqondanise nentambo yomthofu nenkanyezi ehlosiwe. Sika ukhuni lube nobude obufanele bese ulusanda lube bushelelezi. Ekugcineni okukodwa, sika imbobo encane emile ebanzi ngo-mm 2 futhi ejule ngo-cm 1.5. Imbobo kufanele ibe nemiphetho ehlanzekile efanayo — imbobo emaholoholo noma engalingani yenza ukubheka okunembile kungenzeki.

Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:

Ibhulokhi Lokhuni OluqinileIbhulokhi Lokhuni Oluqinile1 ucezu

Amathuluzi adingekayo:

Isaha SesandlaIsaha Sesandla
Iphepha LokugayaIphepha Lokugaya
5

Qeda futhi uvikele ukhuni

Sanda izinduku zombili ngephepha lokusanda elicolekileyo kuze kube bushelelezi ngokuphelele. Gcoba ungqimba oluncane lwamafutha e-linseed ukuze uvikele ukhuni emswakameni futhi lube nokubukeka okuhle. Vumela amafutha ome ngokuphelele ngaphambi kokusebenzisa. Izindawo kufanele zibe bushelelezi ngokwanele ukuze intambo ishelele ngokukhululekile embobeni ka-V ngaphandle kokubanjwa yimicu emaholoholo.

Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:

Uwoyela We-linseedUwoyela We-linseed10 ml

Amathuluzi adingekayo:

Iphepha LokugayaIphepha Lokugaya
6

Misa i-bay yokubuka

Khetha ubusuku obucwebile lapho ubona khona isibhakabhaka saseNyakatho ngaphandle kwesithiyo. Tshala induku ye-bay imile phansi noma uyifake esibambeni esiqinile endaweni eyisicaba. Induku kufanele ime ngqo — hlola ukuthi intambo yomthofu ilenga ihambisana ngqo nenduku. Intambo yomthofu kufanele ilenge inganyakazi emoyeni othule. Uma kunomoya, vikela intambo ekunyakazeni komoya — ngisho nomoyana omncane uzosusa intambo yomthofu futhi wonakalise ukubuka.
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Thola iNyakatho yangempela ngokubuka inkanyezi ezungeza isigxobo

Zibeke eningizimu ye-bay uphethe induku yokubheka ye-merkhet ivundlile ezingeni lamehlo. Bheka ngembobo ye-merkhet bese uyiqondanisa nentambo yomthofu. Lapho iPolaris (inkanyezi yesigxobo saseNyakatho yamanje) ibonakala ngqo ngemuva kwentambo yomthofu njengoba ibonwa ngembobo, umugqa osuka ehlweni lakho udlula entanjeni ukhomba esigxotsheni sesibhakabhaka. Phawula isiqondiso phansi — lena yiNyakatho yangempela. Ngo-2500 BC inkanyezi yesigxobo kwakunguThuban (Alpha Draconis), cishe ama-degree angu-2 kude nesigxobo sangempela, ngakho abaseGibhithe babedinga isinyathelo esengeziwe sokulungisa.
8

Lungisa ukuqondanisa usebenzisa ukwelula kwasempumalanga nasentshonalanga

Ukuze kube nokunemba okukhulu — yile ndlela abaseGibhithe abafinyelela ngayo ekuqondaniseni kwamaphiramidi abo okumangalisayo — buka inkanyezi ezungeza isigxobo lapho isekwelulekeni kwayo okukhulu kwasempumalanga (indawo ekude kakhulu empumalanga yesigxobo) bese uphawula isiqondiso phansi. Bese ulinda ubuke inkanyezi efanayo lapho isekwelulekeni kwayo okukhulu kwasentshonalanga bese uphawula leso siqondiso. INyakatho yangempela iphakathi ngqo kwalezi zimpawu ezimbili. Le ndlela yokuhlukanisa phakathi isusa iphutha elibangelwa ukuthi inkanyezi yesigxobo ayihlali ngqo esigxotsheni sesibhakabhaka, futhi inembile kuze kube ngamaminithi ambalwa e-arc.
9

Sebenzisa i-merkhet njengewashi lezinkanyezi

Uma i-bay isiqondaniswe neNyakatho yangempela, ungazi isikhathi ngokubuka ukuthi yiziphi izinkanyezi ezidlula i-meridian. Ababukeli ababili basebenza ndawonye: omunye uhlala ebheke i-bay intambo yomthofu iphakathi kwabo, kanti omunye uhlala ngemuva abheke ngembobo ye-merkhet adlule entanjeni yomthofu kuya ezinkanyezini ezingenhla. Lapho inkanyezi ethile ye-decan idlula intambo, ihora lobusuku elihambisanayo selifikile. AbaseGibhithe babehlukanisa ubusuku bube amahora ayishumi nambili futhi balandela ukuthi yimaphi ama-decan adlula i-meridian ngehora ngalinye esikhathini ngasinye sezinsuku eziyishumi sonyaka.
10

Bhala okubukile futhi ulinganise

Ukulinganisa i-merkhet yakho, buka futhi ubhale izikhathi zokudlula zezinkanyezi eziningana ezikhanyayo ebusuku obuningi. Qhathanisa neshadi lezinkanyezi lesimanje noma isoftware ye-planetarium ukuze uqinisekise ukuqondaniswa kwe-meridian yakho. Amawashi ezinkanyezi aseGibhithe (amathebula ezinkanyezi atshekile asindiswe ophahleni lwamathuna eLuxor naseSigodini Samakhosi) ayebala izinkanyezi ezidlulayo esikhathini ngasinye sezinsuku eziyishumi, enza uhlelo lonyaka oluphelele lwesibhakabhaka sasebusuku. Manje wenza isayensi yezinkanyezi yezindawo ngendlela eyayenziwa ngabapristi abayizazi zezinkanyezi zaseGibhithe eminyakeni engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezine edlule — uhlelo oludala kunazo zonke lokubuka izinkanyezi ngendlela ehlelekile emlandweni wesintu.

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Sekela uMenzi ngokuthenga imikhiqizo nge-Blueprint yabo IKhomishane Yomenzi kumiswe ngabathengisi, noma dala inguqulo entsha yale Blueprint bese uyifaka njengoxhumaniso ku-Blueprint yakho ukuze wabelane ngemali engenayo.

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