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REVERSE ENGINEERING
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IZINTO EZIGQOKWAYO
Graduated Cylinders: Glass Tube on a Foot, Marked by Weighing Water
A graduated cylinder is a narrow glass tube standing on a foot, with a lip to pour and lines for volume; it measures more closely than a beaker. Guyton de Morveau introduced it in 1784. Close a straight tube flat, fuse a glass foot under it, pull a lip, anneal, then mark it by weighing in water.
The picture: graduated laboratory glassware engraved in 1895 (Alessandri): a litre flask, a graduated bottle and, on the right, a footed graduated cylinder with a lip.
Osezingeni eliphezulu
An hour per cylinder, plus annealing
Imiyalelo
1
1
Close the bottom
Close the bottom
Cut a straight, even tube to length, close one end in the flame and press it flat on the marver.
Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:
Isethi Yemibhobho Yengilazi1 ucezuAmathuluzi adingekayo:
Isibhoboza Sedayimane
Isibani sokuphephetha ingilazi sasetafuleni
I-marver (ipulangwe lokugingqa ingilazi)
Izibuko zokuphepha
Amagilavu Amelana Nokushisa2
2
Fuse on a foot
Fuse on a foot
Melt a gather of rod, press it into a flat disc wider than the tube and, while both are hot, fuse it centred under the bottom so the cylinder stands.
Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:
Induku Yengilazi Ye-borosilicate1 ucezuAmathuluzi adingekayo:
Isibani sokuphephetha ingilazi sasetafuleniI-marver (ipulangwe lokugingqa ingilazi)Amagilavu Amelana Nokushisa3
3
Rim and lip
Rim and lip
Fire-polish and slightly flare the rim with the jacks and push out a small pouring lip.
Amathuluzi adingekayo:
Isibani sokuphephetha ingilazi sasetafuleni
Jacks (udlawu lwabakhi bengilazi)4
4
Anneal
Anneal
Anneal in the kiln at the glass's annealing temperature and cool slowly.
Amathuluzi adingekayo:
Isithando5
5
Graduate by weighing water
Graduate by weighing water
Stand the cylinder on the balance, add water a few grams at a time (1 g is about 1 mL near room temperature) and scratch a line at the bottom of the meniscus at each step with the diamond scriber. Number the main lines.
Izinto zokwakha zalesi sinyathelo:
Amanzi0.5 ilithaAmathuluzi adingekayo:
Isikali sesilinganisoIsibhoboza Sedayimane
I-Caliper Yedijithali Yamayintshi Ayi-66
6
Spacing of the marks
Spacing of the marks
Ilayisha incwadi ye-Jupyter…
Izinto
3- 1 ucezuIsibambeli
- Isibambeli
- 0.5 ilithaIsibambeli
Amathuluzi Adingekayo
9- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
- Isibambeli
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